Semantic Classification of Knowledge Management Resources

Dr Ph. MARTIN

This document specializes the very general 'Semantic Classification of Information Technology Resources' for Knowledge Management (KM). The same approach is followed and hence is not described again here. This file is specialized by the 'Semantic Classification of Formal Concept Analysis Resources' and the 'Semantic Classification of Conceptual Graph Resources'. It is also complemented by a file on Systems of logic.

Comparison with the Semantic Web Topics Ontology of ISWC 2006: this "topics ontology" is not usable for knowledge representation and is not scalable for document indexation since (i) it does not follow knowledge representation/sharing best practices, is not integrated into a lexical ontology, and updates should be suggested to its creators by email or via a wiki, and (ii) it is based on "topics" and uses quite vague relations such as topic_subtopic, topic_requires, topic_relatedTo and topic_relatedProjects, and hence does not permit the user to find "a right place" to insert a new concept, placing a topic into a specialization hierarchy of topics is quite arbitrary, whereas a category for a task or a data structure has a unique correct place into a partOf/specializationOf hierarchy of tasks or data structures, given the intended formal meaning of the categories and the formal meanings of the used partOf/specializationOf relations.

As in any file related to WebKB-2, information refers to knowledge as well as data, and knowledge (as opposed to "data") refers to any collection of logic-based formal or semi-formal statements using symbols belonging to a natural ontology (or several fully aligned natural ontologies) that is at least minimally structured: (i) "natural" is here used to leave out networks or specialization hierarchies automatically derived from the co-occurrences of sets of words in documents, (ii) "minimally structured" here means that semantically identical objects must be related by identity relations and each object (except for the most general one) must be related to at least one semantically different object by a generalisation relation.

The generic user "km" (for Knowledge Management) is used below. Since this is a "generic user", no password is (and can be) associated to it in WebKB-2, and anyone may add categories in the name of "km".

Reminder: (i) the link "object" has different (more specialized) meanings depending on the connected categories, (ii) so does the link "part": between physical objects it refers to the link "physical part", between tasks it refers to the link "subtask".


Table of contents 1. General roles (playable by entities as well as situations) + KM domains and theories 2. Situations -- KM related processes (tasks, methodologies, ...) or states 2.1. Knowledge modelling, representation and extraction; knowledge-based indexation 2.2.1 Knowledge normalization 2.2.2. (Re)presenting knowledge in a concise/organized/precise/readable way 2.2.3. Knowledge Modelling/Classification/Extraction 2.3. Knowledge collecting/Eliciting 2.2. Knowledge comparison, mapping and inferencing processes 2.3. Knowledge import, export and translation 2.4. Knowledge interfacing: display, editing and organization for presentation purposes 2.5. Knowledge querying/search 2.6. Knowledge evaluation, validation; knowledge-based decision support 2.6. KB/ontology sharing and distribution 2.7. Exploitation of KB and KBSs for applications 2.8. Tasks specific to certain languages, structures or methodologies 2.9. Other KM related tasks, e.g., teaching KM 3. Entities -- KM related things that are not states, processes, domains or theories 3.1. Structures and Languages 3.2. Tools 3.2.2. KB Systems 3.2.2. Interfaces 3.3. Journals, Conferences, Publishers and Mailing Lists 3.4. Articles, Books and other Documents 3.5. People: Researchers, Specialists, Teams/Projects, ...



1. General roles; Domains and Theories

km#knowledge_management_science__knowledge_management__KM__knowledge_engineering__KE__conceptual_knowledge_processing__CKP__knowledge_acquisition__KA
 >part of: #information_science,
 /* >part: km#FCA_domain km#CG_domain, //in _FCA.html and _CG.html */
 object: km#KM_task   km#KM_structure  km#KM_tool  km#KM_mailing_list;



2. Situations: processes (tasks, methodologies, ...) or states

km#KM_task (^a K.M. (sub)task^)  < is#information_sciences_task,
 > km#knowledge_management
   km#knowledge_comparison  km#knowledge_inference/reasoning/generation  km#knowledge_validation
   km#knowledge_representation
   km#knowledge_search_task
   km#knowledge_sharing  km#knowledge_mapping/merging/federation  km#knowledge_import/export
   km#knowledge_evaluation
   km#collecting_knowledge_for_modelling  km#teaching_a_KM_related_subject 
   km#language/structure_specific_task  km#KM_methodology_task,
 object: km#KB;  //agent: km#KBS;

   km#knowledge_management__KM__knowledge_engineering__KE__conceptual_knowledge_processing__CKP__knowledge_acquisition__KA
    (^KM is a KM_task itself, the one that any other KM_tasks are a subtask of^)
    subtask: km#KM_task,
    > {km#prototype_based_KA  km#model_based_KA};

      km#model_based_KA
       subtask: km#creation/update_of_the_KB_conceptual_model km#creation/update_of_the_KBS_design_model
                km#use_of_the_KBS_design_model_to_create/update_the_KBS;

         km#creation/update_of_the_KB_conceptual_model
          subtask: km#combination_and_instantiation_of_generic_task_models
                   km#selection_and_adaptation_of_domain_ontologies;



2.1. States


2.2 Knowledge Comparison/Reasoning/Generation/Validation

   km#knowledge_comparison
    > km#graph_matching;

      km#graph_matching
       > km#CG_matching;


   km#knowledge_inference/reasoning/generation
    > {km#generalizing  km#specializing} km#analogy_making
      {km#monotonic_reasoning  km#non_monotonic_reasoning}
      {km#consistent_inference km#inconsistent_inference}
      {km#complete_inference km#incomplete_inference}
      {km#structure-only_based_inference km#rule_based_inference},
    subtask: km#knowledge_comparison;

      km#generalizing__generalization__generalising__generalisation
       > km#deduction  km#abduction  km#induction;

      km#specializing__specialization__specialising__specialisation;

      km#analogy_making
       > km#case_base_reasoning__CBR;

      km#non_monotonic_reasoning
       > km#belief_revision;

         km#belief_revision
          > km#permissive_belief_revision;


   km#knowledge_validation
    > km#validation_of_KB_conceptual_model  km#KB_validation 
      km#validation_of_knowledge_implementation
      km#consistency_checking  km#completeness_checking,
    subtask: km#knowledge_inference/reasoning/generation;

      km#validation_of_KB_conceptual_model
       object: km#KB_conceptual_model;

  Knowledge Representation/Modelling

   km#knowledge_representation__representing_knowledge__KR__knowledge_modelling
    (^representing information in a more or less formal way^)
    < is#information_presentation,
      //already done:  is#representing_information_in_a_formal_or_semi_formal_way,
    > km#knowledge_normalization 
      km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise/organized/precise/readable_way
      km#knowledge_modelling/classification/extraction
      km#language/structure_specific_knowledge_representation
      km#methodology_specific_knowledge_representation_or_modelling,
   object: km#KR_methodology  km#KR_language,
   subtask: km#knowledge_validation;

    Knowledge Normalization
      km#knowledge_normalization (^representing knowledge in a precise, organized
         and scalable manner; this implies reducing the number of non-automatically
         comparable ways information is or can be written, and increasing the number
         of relations between objects (especially common/important relations such
         as generalization relations, partOf relations and case relations)^)
       > km#use_of_a_normalizing_KRL
         km#re-use_of_a_top_level_or_large_ontology
         {km#following_of_a_category_naming_principle
          km#following_of_a_phrasing_principle_for_category_annotations
          km#following_of_a_knowledge_organization_principle};

         km#re-use_of_a_top_level_or_large_ontology
          > km#following_of_an_ontological_principle;

         km#following_of_a_category_naming_principle (^lexical normalization involves following object naming rules such as "using English singular nouns or nominal expressions" and "avoiding the Intercap style"^)
          > {km#following_of_the_InterCap_style_for_naming_categories
             km#following_of_an_underscore_based_style_for_naming_categories}
            km#use_of_nouns_or_nominal_forms_for_naming_categories;

            km#use_of_nouns_or_nominal_forms_for_naming_categories
             > km#use_of_singular_nouns_or_nominal_forms_for_naming_categories;

         km#following_of_a_knowledge_organization_principle (^Structural and ontological normalization involves following rules such as "when introducing an object into an ontology, relate it to all its already represented direct generalizations, specializations, components and containers", "use subtypeOf relations instead of or in addition to instanceOf relations when both cases are possible", "avoid the use of non binary relations" and "do not represent processes via relations"^)
          > km#use_of_a_graph-oriented-reading_convention
            km#limiting_the_number_of_relation_types
            km#following_of_an_ontological_principle;

            km#following_of_an_ontological_principle
             > km#following_of_a_principle_of_the_Ontoclean_methodology;

    (Re)presenting knowledge in a concise/organized/precise/readable way
      km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise/organized/precise/readable_way
       > km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise_way  km#representing_knowledge_in_an_organized_way
         km#representing_knowledge_in_a_readable_way  km#representing_knowledge_in_a_precise_way;

         km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise_way
          subtask: km#use_of_a_graph-oriented-reading_convention,
          object: km#concise_notation;

         km#representing_knowledge_in_an_organized_way (^setting or presenting many relations between categories or statements^)
          > km#increasing_the_number_of_explicit_conceptual_relations_between_conceptual_objects,
          subtask: km#knowledge_normalization  km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise_way;

            km#increasing_the_number_of_explicit_conceptual_relations_between_conceptual_objects
             > km#increasing_the_number_of_explicit_conceptual_relations_between_relation_types
               km#increasing_the_number_of_explicit_conceptual_relations_between_concept_types
               km#increasing_the_number_of_explicit_conceptual_relations_between_objects_from_different_users;

         km#representing_knowledge_in_a_readable_way
          subtask: km#knowledge_normalization km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise_way;

         km#representing_knowledge_in_a_precise_way (^precise or explicit^)
          subtask: km#knowledge_normalization 
                   km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise_way
                   km#representing_knowledge_in_an_organized_way;

    Knowledge Modelling/Classification/Extraction
      km#knowledge_modelling/classification/extraction__knowledge_acquisition__KA_task__KA
         (^this is "knowledge acquisition" in its restricted sense;
           in its broader sense, it is equivalent to "knowledge management"^)
       > {km#KA_from_people  km#KA_from_data}  km#classification,
       subtask: km#knowledge_normalization  km#knowledge_inference/reasoning/generation;

         km#KA_from_data
          > km#semi_automatic_KA_from_data;

            km#semi_automatic_KA_from_data__knowledge_discovery__data_mining
             > km#semi_automatic_KA_from_data_by_classification
               {km#knowledge_extraction_from_documents
                km#knowledge_extraction_from_databases};

               km#semi_automatic_KA_from_data_by_classification
                > km#concept_clustering_from_data;  //see below

               km#knowledge_extraction_from_documents
                > km#semantic_web_mining km#knowledge-oriented_NLP
                  km#ontology_extraction_from_documents
                  km#document_structure_analysis_or_discovery;

                  km#knowledge-oriented_NLP
                   > km#CG_extraction_by_NLP;

                  km#ontology_extraction_from_documents
                   > km#terminological_analysis;

                     km#terminological_analysis
                      object: km#terminological_analysis_tool;

               km#knowledge_extraction_from_databases__knowledge_discovery_in_databases__KDD
                > km#FCA_based_KDD;
          
         km#classification
          > km#conceptual_clustering  km#classification_by_semantic_grids;

            km#conceptual_clustering__concept_clusterization
               (^it can be used both for KA and IR, from knowledge or data^)
             > km#conceptual_clustering_via_a_generalization_hierarchy
               km#conceptual_clustering_from_data;

               km#conceptual_clustering_via_a_generalization_hierarchy
                > km#conceptual_clustering_via_a_category_generalization_hierarchy
                  km#conceptual_clustering_via_a_CG_generalization_hierarchy;

                  km#conceptual_clustering_via_a_category_generalization_hierarchy
                   > km#FCA_based_conceptual_clustering
                     {km#type_classification km#instance_classification}

                     km#type_classification__ontology_learning;

                     km#instance_classification__instance_learning
                       (^assignement of instances to types of concepts/relations^);

               km#conceptual_clustering_from_data
                > km#conceptual_clustering_from_database
                  km#conceptual_clustering_from_documents;

                  km#conceptual_clustering_from_documents
                   > km#conceptual_clustering_from_emails,
                   < is#knowledge_based_document_search;

  Knowledge Search

   km#knowledge_search_task  < is#knowledge_based_information_search,
    > {km#specialization_search  km#generalization_search}
      km#analogy_search  km#structure_only_based_search 
      {km#complete_knowledge_search km#incomplete_knowledge_search}
      {km#consistent_knowledge_search km#inconsistent_knowledge_search},
    subtask: km#knowledge_inference/reasoning/generation
             km#representing_knowledge_in_a_concise/organized/precise/readable_way;

      km#specialization_search__implication_search
       > km#specialization_structural_search  km#complete_specialization_search;

      km#generalization_search
       > km#generalization_structural_search  km#complete_generalization_search;

      km#structure_only_based_search  < km#structure-only_based_inference,
       > km#specialization_structural_search
         km#generalization_structural_search;

         km#generalization_structural_search
          > km#generalization_structural_search_of_FOL_statements;

      km#complete_knowledge_search  < km#complete_inference;
      km#incomplete_knowledge_search  < km#incomplete_inference;
      km#consistent_knowledge_search  < km#consistent_inference;
      km#inconsistent_knowledge_search  < km#inconsistent_inference;

  Knowledge Sharing/Mapping/Import/Export/Evaluation

   km#knowledge_sharing  //already done: < is#information_sharing,
    > {km#synchronous_knowledge_sharing  km#asynchronous_knowledge_sharing}
      {km#private_module_based_knowledge_sharing  km#fully_shared_knowledge_based_sharing},
    subtask: km#knowledge_representation  km#knowledge_mapping/merging/federation
             km#knowledge_import/export  km#knowledge_evaluation;


   km#knowledge_mapping/merging/federation
    (^mapping refers to the setting of semantic links between some categories of the different KBs^)
    > km#mapping/merging/federation_of_ontologies
      km#mapping/merging/federation_of_CG_based_KBs
      km#mapping/merging/federation_of_FCA_based_KBs;


   km#knowledge_import/export
    > km#knowledge_translation;

      km#knowledge_translation
       > km#conversion_between_CG_and_other_models_or_notations
         km#conversion_between_FCA_and_other_models_or_notations;

  Knowledge Collecting/Eliciting/Teaching

   km#collecting_knowledge_for_modelling
    > km#eliciting_knowledge_from_a_person,
    subtask: km#knowledge_modelling/classification/extraction;

      km#eliciting_knowledge_from_a_person
       subtask: km#knowledge_modelling/classification/extraction;

   km#teaching_a_KM_related_subject < is#teaching_an_IS_related_subject,
    > km#teaching_CGs;

  Tasks specific to certain languages, structures or methodologies

   km#language/structure_specific_task
    > km#CG_task  km#FCA_task  km#language/structure_specific_knowledge_representation;

      km#language/structure_specific_knowledge_representation
       > km#CG_based_KR;


   km#KM_methodology_task (^a task advised by a KM methodology^)
    < is#IS_methodology,
    > km#KR_methodology_task  km#KA_methodology_task
      km#methodology_specific_knowledge_representation_or_modelling;

      km#KR_methodology_task (^lexical/ontological/structural rules/conventions for a better
                               checking/search/exploitation/re-use/sharing of the knowledge^)
       > km#ontology_building_methodology_task  km#Peirce_based_KR_methodology_task;

      km#KA_methodology_task__knowledge_acquisition_methodology_task__knowledge_modelling_methodology_task
       > {km#prototype_based_KA_methodology_task km#model_based_KA_methodology_task};

         km#prototype_based_KA_methodology_task (^km#prototype_based_KA or any substask of it^)
          > km#prototype_based_KA;

         km#model_based_KA_methodology_task (^km#model_based_KA or any substask of it^)
          > km#model_based_KA  km#task_related_to_the_creation/update_of_the_KB_conceptual_model
            km#creation/update_of_the_KBS_design_model 
            km#use_of_the_KBS_design_model_to_create/update_the_KBS
            km#KADS_task;

            km#task_related_to_the_creation/update_of_the_KB_conceptual_model
             < km#methodology_specific_knowledge_representation_or_modelling,
             > km#creation/update_of_the_KB_conceptual_model
               km#combination_and_instantiation_of_generic_task_models
               km#selection_and_adaptation_of_domain_ontologies;

            km#KADS_task (^a task of Knowledge Acquisition and Design Structuring^)
             > {km#KADS-I km#CommonKADS},
             object of: km#KADS_tool;  //KADS may be seen as an input/parameter of KADS tools

               km#KADS-I__KADS-1__KADS1
                url: http://www.webkb.org/kb/webkb1/KADS1.html;

               km#CommonKADS__Common-KADS__KADS-II__KADS-2__KADS2
                url: http://hcs.science.uva.nl/projects/CommonKADS/home.html;



Structures and Languages

km#KM_structure  < is#symbolic_structure,
 > km#KB  {km#base_of_facts/beliefs  km#ontology   km#KB_category  km#KB_statement}
   km#data_to_model  km#KA_model  km#KR_language
   km#mathematical_KM_structure  km#language_specific_structure;

   km#KB__knowledge_base  part: km#ontology  km#base_of_facts/beliefs;

   km#ontology__set_of_category_definitions/constraints
    > km#lexical_ontology  km#language_ontology  km#domain_ontology
      km#top_level_ontology  km#concept_ontology  km#relation_ontology
      km#multi_source_ontology,
    part: 1..* km#KB_category  1..* km#category_definition;

      km#top_level_ontology
       > km#DOLCE_light  km#SUMO  km#top_level_of_ontology_of_John_Sowa;

      km#multi_source_ontology (^ontology where the creator of each category and statement is recorded and represented via a category^)
       > km#default_MSO_of_WebKB-2;

         km#default_MSO_of_WebKB-2 (^an ontology provided as default by a version of WebKB-2^)
          part of: km#WebKB-2,
          part: km#DOLCE_light km#top_level_of_ontology_of_John_Sowa; 
                //km#DOLCE  km#SUMO  /*an adaptation of*/km#WordNet;

   km#KB_statement > {km#category_definition km#fact_or_belief};

   //to do: CHECK DUPLICATIONS WITH theKB_categs.html
   km#KB_category (^if a category has an identifier, this identifier is a "formal term"^)
    > {km#individual km#type};

      km#individual (^if an individual has an identifier, this identifier may be named a "constant"^)
       > km#context;

         km#context > km#module/namespace;

      km#type > {km#concept_type km#relation_type};

         km#relation_type 
          > km#lexical_link  km#link_to_document_element  km#link_to_creator;


   km#KA_model__knowledge_acquisition_model
    > {km#generic_KA_model km#instantiated_KA_model}  km#task_model
      km#CommonKADS_model  km#KB_conceptual_model   km#KBS_design_model;

      km#task_model
       >  {km#generic_task_model km#instantiated_task_model}  kads#task_model;

      km#CommonKADS_model
       > {kads#organisation_model  kads#task_model  kads#agent_model
          kads#communication_model  kads#expertise_model  kads#design_model},
       url: http://www.sics.se/ktm/projects/ck-models.html;

      km#KB_conceptual_model
       part: km#instantiated_KA_model  km#domain_ontology  kads#expertise_model;

         kads#expertise_model
          part: kads#task_model;

      km#KBS_design_model
       > kads#design_model;

   km#KR_language__KRL__KR_model_or_notation
    > {km#KR_model/structure  km#KR_notation} //not km#semantics: not a structure
      km#predicate_logic_oriented_language  km#frame_oriented_language
      km#graph_oriented_language  km#KR_language_with_query_commands
      km#KR_language_with_scripting_capabilities;
//  attribute: km#semantics;

      km#KR_notation
       > km#linear_notation;

         km#linear_notation__text_based_notation;

      km#predicate_logic_oriented_language
       > km#KIF  km#CYCL;

      km#frame_oriented_language
       > km#terminological_logic  km#Frame-Logic;

         km#graph_oriented_language
          > km#Peirce_existential_graphs  km#CGs  km#RDF km#concept_maps_language  km#FCA_graph;

            km#Peirce_existential_graphs__EGs;

   km#mathematical_KM_structure < is#mathematical_symbolic_structure,
    > km#FCA_structure;

   km#language_specific_structure
    > km#CG_structure;



Tools

km#KM_tool__knowledge_management_tool  < #software,
 > km#knowledge_base_system  km#inference_engine
   km#KA_tool  km#terminological_analysis_tool  km#knowledge_based_IR_system
   km#knowledge_interface_generator  km#language/structure_specific_tool
   km#ontology_management_tool;

   km#knowledge_based_IR_system //also a subtype of is#IR_system (see below)
    > {km#WebKB  km#CGKAT};

   km#KA_tool
    > km#KADS_tool;

      km#KADS_tool  url: http://web.swi.psy.uva.nl/projects/kads22/;

   km#terminological_analysis_tool
    > {km#ACABIT  km#LEXTER  km#TERMS  km#XTract};
      //these are types to permit their versions to be represented as subtypes too

   km#language/structure_specific_tool
    > km#CG_related_tool;

  KB Systems

   km#knowledge_base_system__KBS
    > km#KBMS,
    part: km#KBMS;

      km#KBMS
       > {km#graph_based_KBMS  km#SNEPSwD},
       part: km#KB  km#inference_engine;

  Interfaces

   km#knowledge_interface_generator
    > km#knowledge_graphical_editor;

      km#knowledge_graphical_editor < is#graph_editor,
       > km#taxonomy_graphical_editor
         {km#CG_graphical_editor  km#FCA_structure_graphical_editor};

         km#taxonomy_graphical_editor < is#hierarchy_editor;



Journals, Conferences, Publishers and Mailing Lists

km#KM_mailing_list < is#IS_mailing_list;

km#international_research_conference_on_knowledge_management
 < is#international_research_conference_in_IS,
 > km#ICCS; //it is a type: there is one instance each year



Articles, Books and other Documents

I have put my representations/indexations of articles from ICCS (mostly from ICCS 2002) in the _CG.html file (except for those related to FCA which I have put in the _FCA.html file) even when these articles are more about knowledge management in general than CG specific.

[an #article, dc#Coverage: km#knowledge_representation,
  pm#title: "What Is a Knowledge Representation?",
  dc#Creator: "Randall Davis, Howard E. Shrobe and Peter Szolovits",
  pm#object of: (a #publishing, pm#time: 1993,
                   pm#place: (the #object_section "14:1 p17-33",
                                     pm#part of: is#AI_Magazine)),
  pm#url: http://medg.lcs.mit.edu/ftp/psz/k-rep.html];

[an #article, dc#Coverage: km#knowledge_translation,
  pm#title: "Relationships with other formalisms",
  dc#Creator: "D. Nardi, U. Sattler, D. Calvanese, R. Molitor",
  pm#part of: (a #book, pm#title: "Relationships with other formalisms",
                    pm#object of: (a #publishing, pm#time: 2002,
                                        pm#agent: is#Cambridge_University_Press)),
  pm#url: http://www.itee.uq.edu.au/~comp4001/dlbackground2.pdf];




People: Researchers, Specialists, Teams/Projects, ...

This part will be dealt with later.