Individual #Eurasia  the land mass formed by the continents of Europe and Asia
  instance of:  #continent
  part of:  #eastern_hemisphere  #northern_hemisphere
  part:  #Russia.empire__russia  a former empire in eastern Europe and northern Asia; powerful in 17-18th centuries under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great; overthrown by revolution in 1917
     part:  #Muscovy  a Russian principality in the 13th to 16th centuries; Moscow was the capital
  part:  #USSR__Soviet_Union__Russia__Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics  a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia an others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991
     part:  #February_Revolution__Russian_Revolution  the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917
     part:  #Russian_Revolution__October_Revolution  the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922
     part:  #Soviet_Socialist_Republic  one of the states that formerly made up the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1991)
     part:  #Soviet_Russia__Russia__Russian_Soviet_Federated_Socialist_Republic  formerly the largest Soviet Socialist Republic in the USSR occupying eastern Europe and northern Asia
        part:  #Borodino  Napoleon defeated the Russians in a pitched battle at Borodino in 1812, but irreparably weakened his army
     part:  #Caspian_Sea__Caspian  a large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River; the largest inland body of water in the world
  part:  #Russia__Russian_Federation  a federation in northeastern Europe and northern Asia; formerly Soviet Russia; since 1991 an independent state
     part:  #Karelia  a region in Finland and Russia between the Gulf of Finland and the White Sea
     part:  #Moscow__capital_of_the_Russian_Federation__Russian_capital  a city of central European Russia; formerly capital of both the Soviet Union and Soviet Russia; since 1991 the capital of the Russian Federation
     part:  #Astrakhan  a city in southwestern Russia on the delta of the Volga River
     part:  #Cherepovets  a city of east central Russia north of Moscow
     part:  #Grozny__Groznyy  a city in southwestern Russia; center of extensive oil fields
     part:  #Kaluga  a city of central Russia south of Moscow
     part:  #Kursk  a city of southwestern Russia
     part:  #Siberia  a vast Asian region of Russia; famous for long cold winters
        part:  #Kamchatka_Peninsula  a peninsula in eastern Siberia; between Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk
           part:  #Klyuchevskaya  an inactive volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula; last erupted in 1946
        part:  #Taimyr_Peninsula__Taymyr_Peninsula  a peninsula in northern Siberia
        part:  #Irtish_River__Irtish__Irtysh__Irtysh_River  an Asian river; tributary of the Ob River
        part:  #Lena_River__Lena  a Russian river; flows northward into the Arctic Ocean
        part:  #Ob_River__Ob  a Russian river; flows northward to the Arctic Ocean
        part:  #Yenisei_River__Yenisei__Yenisey__Yenisey_River  a Russian river; flows northward into the Arctic Ocean
     part:  #Nizhnyi_Novgorod__Nizhni_Novgorod__Gorki__Gorky__Gorkiy  an industrial city in the European part of Russia; birthplace of Maksim Gorky
     part:  #Kazan  an industrial city in the European part of Russia
     part:  #Leningrad__St._Petersburg__Peterburg__Petrograd__Saint_Petersburg  a city in the European part of Russia; 2nd largest Russian city; located at the head of the Gulf of Finland; former capital of Russia
     part:  #Murmansk  a port city in northwestern Russia on the Kola Peninsula; the largest city north of the Arctic Circle; an important supply line to Russia in World War I and World War II
     part:  #Nalchik  a city in southwestern Russia in a valley of the Caucasus Mountains; an industrial center and health resort
     part:  #Novgorod  a city in northwestern Russia on the Volkhov River; Russia's oldest city and an important trading center in the Middle Ages
     part:  #Perm__Molotov  a city in the European part of Russia
     part:  #Saratov  an industrial city in the European part of Russia
     part:  #Smolensk  a city in western Russia on the Dnieper River; scene of severe fighting in World War II
     part:  #Ufa__ufa  a city in the European part of Russia
     part:  #Volgograd__Stalingrad__Tsaritsyn  a city in the European part of Russia on the Volga; site of German defeat in World War II in the winter of 1942-43
     part:  #Novosibirsk  a city in the Asian part of Russia on the Ob river; largest city in Siberia
     part:  #Chelyabinsk  a city in the Asian part of Russia
     part:  #Omsk  a city in the Asian part of Russia
     part:  #Vladivostok  a seaport in the Asian part of Russia
     part:  #Novaya_Zemlya__Nova_Zembla  two islands in the Arctic Ocean belonging to Russia; site of a test center for nuclear warheads
     part:  #Kola_Peninsula  a peninsula in northwestern Russia projecting eastward between the Barents Sea and the White Sea
     part:  #Amur_River__Amur__Heilong_Jiang  an Asian river between China and Russia; flows into the Sea of Okhotsk
     part:  #Dnieper_River__Dnieper  a river that rises in Russia near Smolensk and flowing south through Belarus and Ukraine to empty into the Black Sea
     part:  #Don_River__Don  a European river in southwestern Russia; flows into the Sea of Azov
     part:  #Lake_Ilmen__Ilmen  a lake in northwestern Russia; drains through the Volkhov River into Lake Ladoga
     part:  #Lake_Ladoga__Ladoga  a lake in northwestern Russia north of St. Petersburg; the largest lake in Europe; drains through the Neva River into the Gulf of Finland
     part:  #Lake_Onega__Onega  lake in northwestern Russia near the border with Finland; second largest lake in Europe
     part:  #Neva_River__Neva  a river in northwestern Russia flowing generally west into the Gulf of Finland
     part:  #Tien_Shan__Tyan_Shan  a major mountain range of central Asia; extends 1,500 miles
        part:  #Pobeda_Peak__Pobedy_Peak  a mountain peak in the Tien Shan mountains in northern India (24,406 feet high)
     part:  #Urals__Ural_Mountains  a mountain range in western Russia extending from the arctic to the Caspian Sea; forms part of the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia
     part:  #Volga_River__Volga  a Russian river; the longest river in Europe; flows into the Caspian Sea
     part:  #Volkhov_River__Volkhov  a river in northwestern Russia flowing generally north into Lake Ladoga
  part:  #Scythia  an ancient area of Eurasia extending from the Black Sea to the Aral Sea that was populated by Scythians from the eighth to the fourth century BC
  part:  #Asia  the largest continent with 60% of the earth's population; it is joined to Europe on the west to form Eurasia; it is the site of some of the world's earliest civilizations
     part:  #Asian_country__Asian_nation  countries occupying the Asian continent
     part:  #Asia_Minor__Anatolia  a peninsula in southwestern Asia that forms the Asian part of Turkey
        part:  #Phrygia  an ancient country in west central Asia Minor
        part:  #Pontus  an ancient region of northern Asia Minor on the Black Sea; it reached its height under Mithridates VI but was later incorporated into the Roman Empire
        part:  #Aeolis__Aeolia  ancient name for the coastal region of northwestern Asia Minor (including Lesbos)
           part:  #Lesbos__Lesvos__Mytilene  an island of eastern Greece in the eastern Aegean Sea; in antiquity it was famous for lyric poetry
        part:  #Lycia  an ancient region on the coast of southwest Asia Minor
        part:  #Lydia  an ancient region on the coast of western Asia Minor; a powerful kingdom until conquered by the Persians in 546 BC
        part:  #Troy__Ilion__Ilium  an ancient city in Asia Minor that was the site of the Trojan War
        part:  #Sakartvelo__Georgia  a republic in Asia Minor on the Black Sea separated from Russia by the Caucasus mountains; a provisional military government; formerly an Asian Soviet
           part:  #Tbilisi__Tiflis__capital_of_Georgia  the capital and largest city of Georgia on the Kura river
           part:  #Abkhazia__Abkhaz  an autonomous province of Georgia on the Black Sea; a strong independence movement has resulted in much instability
           part:  #Adzhar__Adzharia  an autonomous province of Georgia on the Black Sea
        part:  #Turkey__Republic_of_Turkey  a Eurasian republic in Asia Minor and the Balkans; achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1923
           part:  #Dardanelles_campaign__Dardanelles  the unsuccessful campaign in World War I (1915) by the English and French to open a passage for aid to Russia; defeated by the Turks
           part:  #Edirne__Adrianople__Adrianopolis  a city in northwestern Turkey; a Thracian town that was rebuilt and renamed by the Roman emperor Hadrian
           part:  #Abydos  an ancient Greek colony on the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles; scene of the legend of Hero and Leander
           part:  #Adana__Seyhan  a city in southern Turkey on the Seyhan River
           part:  #Ankara__Turkish_capital__capital_of_Turkey  the capital of Turkey; located in west-central Turkey; formerly known as Angora and is the home of Angora goats
           part:  #Antalya__Adalia  a port city in southwestern Turkey on the Gulf of Antalya
           part:  #Antioch__Antakya__Antakiya  a town in southern Turkey; ancient commercial center and capital of Syria; an early center of Christianity
           part:  #Dardanelles__Hellespont  the strait between the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara that separates European from Asian Turkey
           part:  #Istanbul__Stambul__Stamboul__Constantinople  the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church
              part:  #Bosporus_Bridge  a suspension bridge across the Bosporus at Istanbul
           part:  #Bursa__Brusa  a city in northwestern Turkey
           part:  #Izmir__Smyrna  a port city in western Turkey
           part:  #Aegospotamos__Aegospotami  a creek emptying into the Hellespont in present-day Turkey; at its mouth in 405 BC the Spartan fleet under Lysander defeated the Athenians and ended the Peloponnesian War
           part:  #Mount_Ararat__Ararat__Mt._Ararat  the mountain peak that Noah's ark landed on as the waters of the great flood receded
           part:  #Aras__Araxes  a river that rises in northeastern Turkey (near the source of the Euphrates) and flows generally eastward through Armenia to the Caspian Sea; ancient name was Araxes
           part:  #Bosporus  a strait connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea; separates the European and Asian parts of Turkey; an important shipping route
           part:  #Euphrates_River__Euphrates  a river in southwestern Asia; flows into the Persian Gulf; was important in the development of several great civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia
           part:  #Seyhan_River__Seyhan  a Turkish river flowing south southwest into the Mediterranean
           part:  #Tigris_River__Tigris  an Asian river; a tributary of the Euphrates River
        part:  #Ionia  region of western Asia Minor colonized by Ancient Greeks
     part:  #Afghanistan__Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan  a mountainous landlocked country in central Asia; bordered by Iran to the west and Russia to the north and Pakistan to the east and south; "Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in 1979"
        part:  #Kabul__capital_of_Afghanistan  the capital and largest city of Afghanistan; located in eastern Afghanistan
        part:  #Hindu_Kush_Mountains__Hindu_Kush  a mountain range extending west of the Himalayas
           part:  #Tirich_Mir  a mountain in the Hindu Kush in Pakistan (25,230 feet high)
     part:  #Southeast_Asia  a geographical division of Asia that includes Indochina plus Indonesia and the Philippines and Singapore
        part:  #Indochina__Indochinese_peninsula  a peninsula of southeastern Asia that includes Myanmar and Cambodia and Laos and Malaysia and Thailand and Vietnam
           part:  #Myanmar__Union_of_Burma__Burma  a mountainous republic in southeastern Asia on the Bay of Bengal; "much opium is grown in Myanmar"
              part:  #Yangon__Rangoon  the capital and largest city of Myanmar; located in the south near the Irrawaddy river delta
              part:  #Mandalay  a city in central Myanmar north of Rangoon
              part:  #Mekong_River__Mekong  an Asian river; flows through a large delta in southern Vietnam into the South China Sea
           part:  #Cambodia__Kingdom_of_Cambodia__Kampuchea  a nation in Asia; was part of Indochina under French rule until 1946
              part:  #Phnom_Penh__Pnom_Penh__Cambodian_capital  the capital and largest city of Kampuchea
              part:  #Mekong_River__Mekong  an Asian river; flows through a large delta in southern Vietnam into the South China Sea
           part:  #French_Indochina  the French colonies of Cambodia and Laos and Vietnam were formerly organized as French Indochina
           part:  #Laos__Lao_People's_Democratic_Republic  a mountainous landlocked communist state in southeastern Asia; achieved independence from France in 1949
              part:  #Vientiane__Laotian_capital__capital_of_Laos  the capital and largest city of Laos
              part:  #Mekong_River__Mekong  an Asian river; flows through a large delta in southern Vietnam into the South China Sea
           part:  #Malaysia__Malaya  a constitutional monarchy in southeastern Asia on Borneo and the Malay Peninsula; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957
              part:  #East_Malaysia  the part of Malaysia that is on the island of Borneo
                 part:  #Sabah__North_Borneo  a region of Malaysia in northeastern Borneo
                 part:  #Sarawak  a region of Malaysia on northwestern Borneo
              part:  #West_Malaysia  the region of Malaysia on the Malay Peninsula
                 part:  #Kuala_Lumpur__Malaysian_capital__capital_of_Malaysia  the capital and largest city of Malaysia
           part:  #Thailand__Kingdom_of_Thailand__Siam  country of southeastern Asia that extends southward along the isthmus of Kra to the Malay peninsula; "Thailand is the official name of the former Siam"
              part:  #Bangkok__capital_of_Thailand__Krung_Thep  the capital and largest city and chief port of Thailand; a leading city in southeastern Asia; noted for Buddhist architecture
              part:  #Chao_Phraya  a river in Thailand formed by the confluence of the Nan and Ping Rivers; flows southward past Bangkok and empties into the Gulf of Thailand
              part:  #Mekong_River__Mekong  an Asian river; flows through a large delta in southern Vietnam into the South China Sea
              part:  #Nan_River__Nan  a river of western Thailand flowing southward to join the Ping River to form the Chao Phraya
              part:  #Ping_River__Ping  a river in western Thailand; a major tributary of the Chao Phraya
           part:  #Vietnam__Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam__Viet_Nam__Annam  a communist state in Indochina on the South China Sea; achieved independence from France in 1945
              part:  #Dien_Bien_Phu  the French military base fell after a 56-day siege by Vietnam troops; ended the involvement of France in Indochina in 1954
              part:  #Vietnam_War  a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam supported by the US
              part:  #Hanoi__capital_of_Vietnam  the capital city of Vietnam; located in North Vietnam
              part:  #Ho_Chi_Minh_City__Saigon  a city in South Vietnam; formerly (as Saigon) it was the capital of French Indochina
              part:  #Haiphong  a port city in northern Vietnam; industrial center
        part:  #Indonesia__Republic_of_Indonesia__Dutch_East_Indies  a republic in southeastern Asia on an archipelago including more than 13,000 islands; achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1945; the principal oil producer in the Far East and Pacific regions
           part:  #Java  an island in Indonesia south of Borneo; one of the world's most densely populated regions
              part:  #Jakarta__Djakarta__capital_of_Indonesia  capital and largest city of Indonesia; located on the island of Java; founded by the Dutch in 17th century
              part:  #Bandung  a city in Indonesia; located on western Java (southeast of Jakarta); a resort known for its climate
              part:  #Semarang__Samarang  a port city is southern Indonesia; located in northern Java
           part:  #Bali  an island in Indonesia east of Java; striking volcanic scenery; culture is known for elaborate dances and rituals and for handicrafts
           part:  #Timor  an island in Indonesia in the Malay Archipelago; the largest and most eastern of the Lesser Sunda Islands
           part:  #Sumatra  a mountainous island in western Indonesia
              part:  #Medan  a city in Indonesia; located in northeastern Sumatra
           part:  #Celebes__Sulawesi  a mountainous island in eastern Indonesia
           part:  #Moluccas__Spice_Islands  a group of island in eastern Indonesia between Celebes and New Guinea; settled by the Portuguese but taken by the Dutch who made them the center for a spice monopoly, at which time they were known as Spice Islands
           part:  #Indonesian_Borneo__Kalimantan  the part of Indonesia on the southern side of the island of Borneo
           part:  #Krakatau__Krakatao__Krakatoa  a small volcanic island in Indonesia between Java and Sumatra; its violent eruption in 1883 was the greatest in recorded history
        part:  #Republic_of_the_Philippines__Philippines  a republic on the Philippine Islands; achieved independence from the United States in 1946
           part:  #Manila_Bay  a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the American fleet under Admiral Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet
           part:  #Manila__capital_of_the_Philippines  the capital and largest city of the Philippines; located on southern Luzon
           part:  #Cebu_City__Cebu  an important seaport on the Island of Cebu in the Philippines
        part:  #Singapore.island__singapore  an island south of the Malay Peninsula
     part:  #China__People's_Republic_of_China__mainland_China__Communist_China__Red_China__PRC  a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world
        part:  #Chinese_Revolution  the republican revolution against the Manchu dynasty in China; 1911-1912
        part:  #Chino-Japanese_War  ware between China and Japan over control of Korea; China was defeated; 1894-1895
        part:  #Manchuria  a region in northeastern China
           part:  #Port_Arthur  a battle in the Chino-Japanese war (1894); Japanese captured the port and fortifications from the Chinese
        part:  #Beijing__Peking__Peiping__peiping__capital_of_Red_China  capital of the People's Republic of China in the Hebei province in northeastern China; 2nd largest Chinese city
           part:  #Forbidden_City  a walled section of Beijing that encloses the Imperial Palace that was formerly the residence of the emperor of China
        part:  #Gansu__Kansu  a province in north-central China; formerly part of the Silk Road to Turkistan and India and Persia
           part:  #Lanzhou__Lanchou__Lanchow  the capital city of the Chinese province of Gansu on the Yellow River
        part:  #Hebei__Hopei__Hopeh  a populous province in northeastern China
        part:  #Szechwan__Sichuan__Szechuan  a populous province of south central China
        part:  #Yunnan  a province of southern China
        part:  #Shanghai  the largest city of China; located in the east on the Pacific; one of the largest ports in the world
        part:  #Guangzhou__Canton__Kuangchou__Kwangchow  a city on the Zhu Jiang delta in southern China; a major deep-water port
        part:  #Nanchang__Nan-chang  a walled city in southeastern China on the Gan Jiang
        part:  #Nanning__Nan-ning  an industrial city in southern China
        part:  #Shenyang__Mukden__Moukden__Fengtien  a city in northeastern China
        part:  #Tianjin__Tientsin__T'ien-ching  a major industrial center in northeastern China on the Grand Canal near the Yellow Sea; 3rd largest city in China
        part:  #Nanjing__Nanking  a city in eastern China on the Yangtze River; a former capital of China; the scene of a Japanese massacre in the 1930s
        part:  #Chongqing__Chungking  a city in south-central China on the Chang Jiang; a commercial center for western China
        part:  #Xian__Sian__Singan__Changan__Hsian  a city of central China; capital of ancient Chinese empire 221-206 BC
        part:  #Luoyang__Loyang  a city in east central China; the capital of ancient China during several dynasties
        part:  #Hangzhou__Hangchow  a city of eastern China on Hangzhou Bay (an inlet of the East China Sea); regarded by Marco Polo as the finest city in the world
        part:  #Great_Wall_of_China__Great_Wall  a wall in northern China built for defensive purposes during the 3rd century BC; 1,500 miles long and averaging 6 meters wide
        part:  #Hong_Kong  a British Crown Colony on the coast of southern China; leased by China to Britain in 1842 and returned in 1997; one of the world's leading commercial centers
        part:  #Amur_River__Amur__Heilong_Jiang  an Asian river between China and Russia; flows into the Sea of Okhotsk
        part:  #Brahmaputra_River__Brahmaputra  an Asian river; flows into the Bay of Bengal
        part:  #Gan_Jiang__Kan_River  a river in southeastern China that flows generally north into the Chang Jiang north of Nanchang
        part:  #Huang_He__Hwang_Ho__Yellow_River  a major river of Asia in northern China; flows generally eastward into the Yellow Sea; carries large quantities of yellow silt to its delta
        part:  #Kunlun_Mountains__Kunlun__Kuenlun__Kuenlun_Mountains  a mountain range in China
           part:  #Muztagh_Ata__Muz_Tagh_Ata  a mountain peak in the Kunlun range in China (24,760 feet high)
           part:  #Ulugh_Muztagh__Ulugh_Muz_Tagh  a mountain in the Kunlun range in China (25,340 feet high)
        part:  #Mekong_River__Mekong  an Asian river; flows through a large delta in southern Vietnam into the South China Sea
        part:  #Nan_Ling  a mountain range in southeastern China running generally east to west
        part:  #Tien_Shan__Tyan_Shan  a major mountain range of central Asia; extends 1,500 miles
        part:  #Chang_Jiang__Chang__Yangtze__Yangtze_River__Yangtze_Kiang  the longest river of Asia; flows eastward from Tibet into the East China Sea near Shanghai
        part:  #Zhu_Jiangi__Canton_River__Chu_Kiang  a river in southeast China that flows into the South China Sea
     part:  #Turkistan__Turkestan  a historical region of central Asia that was a center for trade between the East and the West
     part:  #Canaan__Palestine__Holy_Land__Promised_Land  an ancient country is southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean; a place of pilgrimage for Christianity and Islam and Judaism
        part:  #Juda__Judah  an ancient kingdom of southern Palestine with Jerusalem as its center
        part:  #Judea__Judaea  the southern part of the ancient Palestine succeeding the kingdom of Judah; a Roman province at the time of Christ
        part:  #Philistia  an ancient region on the coast of southwestern Palestine that was strategically located on a trade route between Syria and Egypt; important in Biblical times
     part:  #Roman_Empire  an empire including the lands in Europe and Africa and Asia that were ruled by ancient Rome
        part:  #Holy_Roman_Empire__First_Reich  the lands ruled by Charlemagne; a continuation of the Roman Empire in Europe
        part:  #Byzantine_Empire__Eastern_Roman_Empire  a continuation of the Roman Empire in the East after AD 330 when Constantine the Great rebuilt Byzantium and called it Constantinople and made it his capital
           part:  #Byzantium  an ancient city on the Bosporus founded by the Greeks; site of modern Istanbul
     part:  #Arabian_Peninsula__Arabia  a peninsula between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; strategically important for its oil resources
        part:  #Oman__Sultanate_of_Oman__Muscat_and_Oman  a strategically located monarchy on the southern and eastern coasts of the Arabian Peninsula; the economy is dominated by oil
           part:  #Muscat__Masqat__capital_of_Oman  a port on the Gulf of Oman and capital of the sultanate of Oman
        part:  #Qatar_Peninsula__Qatar__Katar__Katar_Peninsula  a peninsula extending northward from the Arabian mainland into the Persian Gulf
           part:  #Qatar__State_of_Qatar__Katar__State_of_Katar  an Arab country on the peninsula of Qatar; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1971; the economy is dominated by oil
              part:  #Doha__Bida__El_Beda__capital_of_Qatar  the capital and chief port of Qatar
        part:  #Saudi_Arabia__Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia  a kingdom occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula in southwest Asia; vast oil reserves dominate the economy
           part:  #Riyadh__capital_of_Saudi_Arabia  joint capital (with Mecca) of Saudi Arabia located in the central oasis; largest city in Saudi Arabia
           part:  #Mecca  joint capital (with Riyadh) of Saudi Arabia; located in western Saudi Arabia; as the birthplace of Mohammed it is the holiest city of Islam
           part:  #Medina__Al_Madinah  a city in western Saudi Arabia; site of the tomb of Mohammed; the second most holy city of Islam
           part:  #Jiddah__Jidda  port city in western Saudi Arabia on the Red Sea
        part:  #United_Arab_Emirates  a federation of seven Arab emirates on the eastern Arabian peninsula; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1971; rich in oil reserves
           part:  #Abu_Dhabi__United_Arab_Emirates's_capital  a sheikhdom of eastern Arabia and capital of the United Arab Emirates
           part:  #Dubai  port city in the United Arab Emirates on the Persian Gulf
        part:  #Yemen__Republic_of_Yemen  a republic on the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula on the Indian Ocean; formed in 1990 when North Yemen and South Yemen merged
           part:  #Aden  chief port of Yemen; located on the Gulf of Aden; its strategic location have made it a major trading center of southern Arabia since ancient times
           part:  #San'a__Sanaa__Sana  the capital and largest city of Yemen; on the central plateau
        part:  #Arabian_Desert  a desert on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia
     part:  #Bahrain__State_of_Bahrain__Bahrein  an island country in the Persian Gulf off the coast of Saudi Arabia; oil revenues funded progressive programs until reserves were exhausted in 1970s
        part:  #Manama__capital_of_Bahrain  the capital of Bahrain; located at the northern end of Bahrain Island
     part:  #Bangladesh__People's_Republic_of_Bangladesh__Bangla_Desh__East_Pakistan  a Moslem Republic in southern Asia bordered by India to the north and west and east and the Bay of Bengal to the south; formerly part of India and then part of Pakistan; it achieved independence in 1971
        part:  #Dahka__Dacca__capital_of_Bangladesh  the capital and largest city of Bangladesh
        part:  #Chittagong  a port city and industrial center in southeastern Bangladesh on the Bay of Bengal
        part:  #Brahmaputra_River__Brahmaputra  an Asian river; flows into the Bay of Bengal
        part:  #Ganges_River__Ganges  an Asian river; rises in the Himalayas and flows east into the Bay of Bengal; a sacred river of Hindu India
     part:  #Bhutan__Kingdom_of_Bhutan  a landlocked principality in the Himalayas northeast of India
     part:  #India__Republic_of_India__Bharat  a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947
        part:  #Lucknow  the British were besieged during the Indian Mutiny (1857)
        part:  #battle_of_Panipat__Panipat  battle in which the ruler of Afghanistan defeated the Mahrattas in 1761
        part:  #battle_of_Plassey__Plassey  the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that establish British supremacy over India
        part:  #Assam  state in northeastern India
        part:  #Manipur  state in northeastern India
        part:  #Hindustan  northern region of India where Hinduism predominates
        part:  #Sikkim  a geographical area and former kingdom in northeastern India in the Himalaya Mountains between Nepal and Bhutan
        part:  #Kanara__Canara  a historical region of southwestern India on the west coast
        part:  #Punjab  a historical region on northwestern India and northern Pakistan
        part:  #Delhi__Old_Delhi  a city in north-central India
           part:  #New_Delhi__Indian_capital__capital_of_India  the capital of India is a division of the old city of Delhi
        part:  #Calcutta  the largest city in India and one of the largest cities in the world; located in eastern India; suffers from poverty and overcrowding
        part:  #Bombay__Greater_Bombay  a city in western India just off the coast of the Arabian Sea; India's 2nd largest city (after Calcutta); has the only natural deep-water harbor in western India
        part:  #Agra  a city in northern India; former capital of the Mogul empire; site of the Taj Mahal
        part:  #Hyderabad  a city in south central India in Andhra Pradesh
        part:  #Chennai__Madras  a city in Tamil Nadu on the Bay of Bengal; formerly Madras
        part:  #Salem.India__salem  a city in southern India
        part:  #Andhra_Pradesh  a state of southeastern India on the Bay of Bengal
        part:  #Bihar  a state of northeastern India
        part:  #Goa  a state of southwestern India; a former Portuguese colony
        part:  #Gujarat__Gujerat  an industrialized state in western India that includes parts of Bombay
        part:  #Tamil_Nadu__Madras  a state in southeastern India on the Bay of Bengal (south of Andhra Pradesh); formerly Madras
        part:  #Gujerat__Gujarat  a region of western India north of Bombay (bordering the Arabian Sea) where Gujarati is spoken
        part:  #Maharashtra  a historical area in west-central India
        part:  #Orissa  state in eastern India on the Bay of Bengal
        part:  #Nilgiri_Hills  hills in southern India
        part:  #Kashmir__Cashmere  an area in southwestern Asia whose sovereignty is disputed between Pakistan and India
           part:  #Karakoram_Range__Karakoram__Karakorum_Range__Mustagh__Mustagh_Range  a mountain range in northern Kashmir; an extension of the Hindu Kush; contains the 2nd highest peak
              part:  #Gasherbrum  a mountain in northern Kashmir (26,470 feet high)
              part:  #K2'__Godwin_Austen__Mount_Godwin_Austen__Dapsang  a mountain peak in the Karakoram Range in northern Kashmir; the 2nd highest peak in the world (28,250 feet high)
              part:  #Rakaposhi  a mountain peak in the Karakoram Range in northern Kashmir (25,560 feet high)
           part:  #Nanga_Parbat  a mountain in the Himalayas in Kashmir (26,660 feet high)
        part:  #Brahmaputra_River__Brahmaputra  an Asian river; flows into the Bay of Bengal
        part:  #Ganges_River__Ganges  an Asian river; rises in the Himalayas and flows east into the Bay of Bengal; a sacred river of Hindu India
        part:  #Himalayas__Himalaya_Mountains__the_Himalaya  a mountain range extending 1500 miles on the border between India and Tibet; this range contains the world's highest mountain
           part:  #Annapurna__Anapurna  a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (26,500 feet high)
           part:  #Changtzu  a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (24,780 feet high)
           part:  #Dhaulagiri  a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (26,820 feet high)
           part:  #Mount_Everest__Everest__Mt._Everest  a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal; the highest mountain peak in the world (29,028 feet high)
           part:  #Gosainthan  a mountain in the Himalayas in Tibet (26,290 feet high)
           part:  #Kamet  a mountain in the Himalayas in northern India (25,450 feet high)
           part:  #Kanchenjunga__Kanchanjanga__Kinchinjunga  a mountain the Himalayas on the border between Nepal and Tibet (28,146 feet high)
           part:  #Lhotse  a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (27,890 feet high)
           part:  #Makalu  a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (27,790 feet high)
           part:  #Nanda_Devi  a mountain in the Himalayas in northern India (25,660 feet high)
           part:  #Nanga_Parbat  a mountain in the Himalayas in Kashmir (26,660 feet high)
           part:  #Nuptse  a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (25,726 feet high)
        part:  #Kamet  a mountain in the Himalayas in northern India (25,450 feet high)
        part:  #Nanda_Devi  a mountain in the Himalayas in northern India (25,660 feet high)
        part:  #Pobeda_Peak__Pobedy_Peak  a mountain peak in the Tien Shan mountains in northern India (24,406 feet high)
        part:  #Tien_Shan__Tyan_Shan  a major mountain range of central Asia; extends 1,500 miles
     part:  #Nepal__Kingdom_of_Nepal  a small Asian country high in the Himalayas between India and Tibet
        part:  #Kathmandu__Katmandu__capital_of_Nepal  the capital and largest city of Nepal
        part:  #Annapurna__Anapurna  a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (26,500 feet high)
        part:  #Changtzu  a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (24,780 feet high)
        part:  #Dhaulagiri  a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (26,820 feet high)
        part:  #Mount_Everest__Everest__Mt._Everest  a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal; the highest mountain peak in the world (29,028 feet high)
        part:  #Himalayas__Himalaya_Mountains__the_Himalaya  a mountain range extending 1500 miles on the border between India and Tibet; this range contains the world's highest mountain
        part:  #Kanchenjunga__Kanchanjanga__Kinchinjunga  a mountain the Himalayas on the border between Nepal and Tibet (28,146 feet high)
        part:  #Lhotse  a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (27,890 feet high)
        part:  #Makalu  a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (27,790 feet high)
        part:  #Nuptse  a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (25,726 feet high)
     part:  #Tibet__Thibet__Xizang__Sitsang  an Asian country under the control of China; located in the Himalayas
        part:  #Lhasa__Lassa__capital_of_Tibet__Forbidden_City  the sacred city of Lamaism; known as the Forbidden City for its former inaccessibility and hostility to strangers
        part:  #Changtzu  a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (24,780 feet high)
        part:  #Mount_Everest__Everest__Mt._Everest  a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal; the highest mountain peak in the world (29,028 feet high)
        part:  #Gosainthan  a mountain in the Himalayas in Tibet (26,290 feet high)
        part:  #Himalayas__Himalaya_Mountains__the_Himalaya  a mountain range extending 1500 miles on the border between India and Tibet; this range contains the world's highest mountain
        part:  #Kanchenjunga__Kanchanjanga__Kinchinjunga  a mountain the Himalayas on the border between Nepal and Tibet (28,146 feet high)
        part:  #Lhotse  a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (27,890 feet high)
        part:  #Makalu  a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (27,790 feet high)
        part:  #Nuptse  a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (25,726 feet high)
     part:  #Iran__Islamic_Republic_of_Iran__Persia  a theocratic republic in the Middle East in western Asia; Iran was the core of the ancient Persian Empire and was known as Persia until 1935; rich in oil
        part:  #Teheran__Tehran__capital_of_Iran__Iranian_capital  the capital and largest city of Iran; located in northern Iran
        part:  #Abadan  a port city in southwestern Iran
        part:  #Mashhad__Meshed  the holy city of Shiite Muslims; located in northeastern Iran
        part:  #Isfahan__Esfahan__Aspadana  city in central Iran; former capital of Persia
        part:  #Shiraz  a city in central southwestern Iran; ruins of ancient Persepolis are nearby
        part:  #Tabriz  an ancient city in northwestern Iran; known for hot springs
        part:  #Qum  a city in northwestern Iran; a place of pilgrimage for Shiite Muslims
        part:  #Persepolis  an ancient city that was the capital of the ancient Persian Empire; now in ruins
        part:  #Demavend  an active volcano in northern Iran
        part:  #Caspian_Sea__Caspian  a large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River; the largest inland body of water in the world
     part:  #Persia__Persian_Empire  an empire in South Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC
     part:  #Iraq__Republic_of_Iraq__Al-Iraq__Irak  a republic in the Middle East in western Asia; the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia was in the area now known as Iraq
        part:  #Baghdad__Bagdad__capital_of_Iraq  capital and largest city of Iraq; located on the Tigris River; "Baghdad is one of the great cities of the Moslem world"
        part:  #Basra__Basia  an oil port in southern Iraq
        part:  #Mosul  a city in northern Iraq on the River Tigris across from the ruins of Nineveh
        part:  #Mesopotamia  the land between the Tigris and Euphrates; site of several ancient civilizations; part of what is now known as Iraq
           part:  #Babylon  the chief city of ancient Mesopotamia and capitol of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia
              part:  #Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon  terraced garden at Babylon watered by pumps from the Euphrates; construction attributed to Nebuchadnezzar around 600 BC; one of the seven wonders of the ancient world
              part:  #Tower_of_Babel__Babel  (Genesis 11:1-11) a tower built by Noah's descendants (probably in Babylon) who intended it to reach up to heaven; God foiled them by confusing their language so they could no longer understand one another
           part:  #Babylonia  an ancient kingdom in southern Mesopotamia; Babylonia conquered Israel in the 6th century BC and exiled the Jews to Babylon (where the Prophet Daniel became a counselor to the king)
              part:  #battle_of_Cunaxa__Cunaxa  battle in 401 BC when the Persian King Artaxerxes II defeated his younger brother who tried to usurp the throne
              part:  #Sumer  an area in the southern region of Babylonia in present-day Iraq; site of the Sumerian civilization of city-states that flowered during the third millennium BC
                 part:  #Ur  an ancient city of Sumer located on a former channel of the Euphrates River
           part:  #Assyria  an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia which is in present-day Iraq
              part:  #Assur__Asur__Ashur  an ancient Assyrian city on the River Tigris and traditional capital of Assyria; just south of the modern city of Mosul in Iraq
              part:  #Nineveh  an ancient Assyrian city on the River Tigris across from the modern city of Mosul in the northern part of what is now known a Iraq
        part:  #Babylonia  an ancient kingdom in southern Mesopotamia; Babylonia conquered Israel in the 6th century BC and exiled the Jews to Babylon (where the Prophet Daniel became a counselor to the king)
        part:  #Sumer  an area in the southern region of Babylonia in present-day Iraq; site of the Sumerian civilization of city-states that flowered during the third millennium BC
        part:  #Assyria  an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia which is in present-day Iraq
        part:  #Assur__Asur__Ashur  an ancient Assyrian city on the River Tigris and traditional capital of Assyria; just south of the modern city of Mosul in Iraq
        part:  #Nineveh  an ancient Assyrian city on the River Tigris across from the modern city of Mosul in the northern part of what is now known a Iraq
        part:  #Euphrates_River__Euphrates  a river in southwestern Asia; flows into the Persian Gulf; was important in the development of several great civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia
        part:  #Tigris_River__Tigris  an Asian river; a tributary of the Euphrates River
     part:  #Japan__Nippon__Nihon  a constitutional monarchy occupying the Japanese Archipelago; a world leader in electronics and automobile manufacture and ship building
        part:  #Kammon_Strait_Bridge  a suspension bridge between Kyushu and Honshu
        part:  #Ryukyu_Islands  a chain of 55 islands in the western Pacific southwest of Japan (returned by United States to Japan in 1972)
           part:  #Okinawa  the largest island of the central Ryukyu Islands
              part:  #Okinawa_campaign__Okinawa  a campaign in the closing days of World War II in the Pacific (April to June 1945); in savage close-quarter fighting US marines and regular army troops took the island from the Japanese; considered the greatest victory of the Pacific campaign for the Americans
              part:  #Naha_City  the chief city in the Ryukyu Islands
        part:  #Fuji-san__Fuji__Fujiyama  an extinct volcano in south central Honshu; last erupted in 1707; famous for its symmetrical snow-capped peak
     part:  #Jordan__Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Jordan  an Arab kingdom in southwestern Asia on the Red Sea
        part:  #Jordan_River__Jordan  a river in Palestine that empties into the Dead Sea; John the Baptist baptized Jesus in the Jordan
        part:  #Amman__capital_of_Jordan  the capital and largest city of Jordan
        part:  #Aqaba__Akaba  Jordan's port; located in southwestern Jordan on the Gulf of Aqaba
        part:  #Jericho  a village in Jordan near the north end of the Dead Sea; in the Old Testament it was the first place taken by the Israelites under Joshua as the entered the Promised Land
        part:  #Zarqa__Az_Zarqa  city in northwestern Jordan
        part:  #Dead_Sea  a saltwater lake on the border between Israel and Jordan; its surface in 1292 feet below sea level
     part:  #Kuwait__State_of_Kuwait__Koweit  an Arab kingdom in Asia on the northwestern coast of the Persian Gulf; a major source of petroleum
        part:  #Kuwait_City__capital_of_Kuwait__Kuwait__Koweit  a seaport on the Persian Gulf and capital of Kuwait
     part:  #Korea__Korean_Peninsula__Choson  an Asian peninsula (off Manchuria) separating the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan; the Korean name is Choson
        part:  #Chino-Japanese_War  ware between China and Japan over control of Korea; China was defeated; 1894-1895
        part:  #Korean_War  a war between North and South Korea; South Korea was aided by the United States and other members of the United Nations; 1950-1953
           part:  #Inchon  a battle in the Korean War (1950); US forces landed at Inchon
           part:  #Yalu_River  a battle in the Korean War (November 1950); when UN troops advanced north to the Yalu River 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the river and drove them back
        part:  #North_Korea__Democratic_People's_Republic_of_Korea  a communist country in the northern half of the Korean Peninsula; established in 1948
           part:  #Yalu_River  a battle in the Korean War (November 1950); when UN troops advanced north to the Yalu River 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the river and drove them back
           part:  #Pyongyang__capital_of_North_Korea  capital of North Korea and an industrial center; "Pyongyang is Korea's oldest city but little of its history has been preserved"
           part:  #Yalu__Yalu_River  river in eastern Asia; rises in North Korea and flows southwest to Korea Bay (forming part of the border between North Korea and China)
        part:  #South_Korea__Republic_of_Korea  a republic in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula; established in 1948
           part:  #Inchon  a battle in the Korean War (1950); US forces landed at Inchon
           part:  #Seoul__capital_of_South_Korea  the capital and largest city of South Korea; located in northwestern South Korea
           part:  #Incheon__Inchon__Chemulpo  a port city in western South Korea on the Yellow Sea
           part:  #Kwangju  city in southwestern South Korea; an important military base during the Korean War
           part:  #Taegu__Tegu  a city in southeastern South Korea
           part:  #Pusan  a city in southeastern South Korea on the Korean Strait; the chief port and second largest city
     part:  #Lebanon__Lebanese_Republic  an Asian republic at east end of Mediterranean
        part:  #Beirut__capital_of_Lebanon  capital and largest city of Lebanon; located in western Lebanon on the Mediterranean
        part:  #Tarabulus__Tripoli  a port in northern Lebanon on the Mediterranean Sea
        part:  #Saida__Sidon  the main city of ancient Phoenicia
        part:  #Sur__Tyre  a port in southern Lebanon on the Mediterranean Sea; formerly a major Phoenician seaport famous for silks
     part:  #Malay_Peninsula  a peninsula in southeastern Asia occupied by parts of Malaysia and Thailand and Myanmar
        part:  #Myanmar__Union_of_Burma__Burma  a mountainous republic in southeastern Asia on the Bay of Bengal; "much opium is grown in Myanmar"
        part:  #West_Malaysia  the region of Malaysia on the Malay Peninsula
        part:  #Thailand__Kingdom_of_Thailand__Siam  country of southeastern Asia that extends southward along the isthmus of Kra to the Malay peninsula; "Thailand is the official name of the former Siam"
     part:  #Mongolia  a vast region in Asia including the Mongolian People's Republic and China's Inner Mongolia
        part:  #Outer_Mongolia__Mongolia__Mongolian_People's_Republic  a landlocked socialist republic in central Asia
           part:  #Ulan_Bator__Ulaanbaatar__Urga__Kulun__capital_of_Mongolia  the capital and largest city of Mongolia
           part:  #Gobi_Desert__Gobi  a desert in central Asia
     part:  #Pakistan__Islamic_Republic_of_Pakistan__West_Pakistan  a Moslem republic in southern Asia; formerly part of India; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947
        part:  #Punjab  a historical region on northwestern India and northern Pakistan
        part:  #Kashmir__Cashmere  an area in southwestern Asia whose sovereignty is disputed between Pakistan and India
        part:  #Islamabad__capital_of_Pakistan  the capital of Pakistan in the north on a plateau; the site was chosen in 1959
        part:  #Karachi  the largest city in Pakistan; located in southeastern Pakistan; an industrial center and seaport on the Arabian Sea; former capital of Pakistan
        part:  #Lahore  city in northeast Pakistan
        part:  #Faisalabad__Lyallpur  city in northeast Pakistan
        part:  #Hindu_Kush_Mountains__Hindu_Kush  a mountain range extending west of the Himalayas
        part:  #Indus_River__Indus  an Asian river; flows into the Arabian Sea
        part:  #Tirich_Mir  a mountain in the Hindu Kush in Pakistan (25,230 feet high)
     part:  #Parthia  an ancient country in Asia on the Caspian Sea; dominated southwestern Asia from about 100 BC to 200 AD
     part:  #Armenia__Republic_of_Armenia__Hayastan  a republic in southwestern Asia; formerly an Asian Soviet; throughout 2500 years the Armenian people have been invaded and oppressed by their neighbors
        part:  #Yerevan__Jerevan__Erivan__capital_of_Armenia  capital of Armenia
        part:  #Aras__Araxes  a river that rises in northeastern Turkey (near the source of the Euphrates) and flows generally eastward through Armenia to the Caspian Sea; ancient name was Araxes
     part:  #Azerbaijan__Azerbaijani_Republic__Azerbajdzhan__Azerbajdzhan_Republic  a landlocked republic in southwestern Asia; formerly an Asian Soviet
        part:  #Baku__capital_of_Azerbaijan  a port city on the Caspian Sea that is the capital of Azerbaijan and an important center for oil production
     part:  #Kazakhstan__Republic_of_Kazakhstan__Kazakstan__Kazakh__Kazak  a landlocked republic south of Russia and northeast of the Caspian Sea; the original Turkic-speaking inhabitants were overrun by Mongols in the 13th century; an Asian Soviet from 1936 to 1991
        part:  #Almaty__Alma-Ata  the largest city in Kazakhstan and the capital until 1998
     part:  #Kyrgystan__Kyrgyz_Republic__Kirghizia__Kirgizia__Kirghiz__Kirgiz__Kirghizstan__Kirgizstan  a landlocked republic in west central Asia bordering on northwestern China; formerly an Asian Soviet
        part:  #Bishkek__Biskek__Frunze__capital_of_Kyrgystan  the capital of Kyrgystan (known as Frunze 1926-1991)
     part:  #Tajikistan__Republic_of_Tajikistan__Tadzhikistan__Tadzhik__Tadjik__Tajik  a landlocked mountainous republic in southeast central Asia north of Afghanistan; formerly an Asian Soviet
        part:  #Dushanbe__Dusanbe__Dyushambe__Stalinabad__capital_of_Tajikistan  the capital of Tajikistan; formerly Stalinabad 1926-1991
     part:  #Turkmenistan__Turkomen__Turkmen__Turkmenia  a republic in Asia east of the Caspian Sea and south of Kazakhstan and north of Iran; an Asian Soviet from 1925 to 1991
        part:  #Ashkhabad__capital_of_Turkmenistan  the capital and largest city of Turkmenistan
     part:  #Uzbekistan__Republic_of_Uzbekistan__Uzbek  a landlocked republic in west central Asia; formerly an Asian Soviet
        part:  #Tashkent__Taskent__capital_of_Uzbek  the capital of Uzbekistan
        part:  #Samarkand__Samarcand  city in southern Uzbekistan; Tamerlane's opulent capital in the 14th century
     part:  #Syria__Syrian_Arab_Republic  an Asian republic in the Middle East at the east end of the Mediterranean; site of some of the world's most ancient centers of civilization
        part:  #Damascus__capital_of_Syria  an ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria; according to the New Testament, the Apostle Paul (then known as Saul) underwent a dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus
        part:  #Aleppo__Alep  a city in northwestern Syria
        part:  #Euphrates_River__Euphrates  a river in southwestern Asia; flows into the Persian Gulf; was important in the development of several great civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia
        part:  #Tigris_River__Tigris  an Asian river; a tributary of the Euphrates River
     part:  #Ottoman_Empire__Turkish_Empire  an empire created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and that lasted until the end of World War I
     part:  #Kura_River__Kura  a river in western Asia; rises in northeast Turkey and flows to the Caspian Sea
  part:  #Europe  the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles
     part:  #European_country__European_nation  countries occupying the European continent
     part:  #European_mainland__Continent  the European mainland; "Englishmen like to visit the Continent but they wouldn't like to live there"
     part:  #Scandinavian_country__Scandinavian_nation  countries occupying Scandinavia
     part:  #Balkan_Peninsula__Balkans  a large peninsula in southeastern Europe containing the Balkan Mountain Range
        part:  #Balkan_Wars  wars between Turkey and Balkan countries (Greece and Serbia and Bulgaria) and later between Turkey and Montenegro; 1912-1914
           part:  #battle_of_Lule_Burgas__Lule_Burgas  the principal battle of the Balkan Wars (1912); Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks
        part:  #Balkan_country__Balkan_nation__Balkans__Balkan_state  a country on the Balkan Peninsula
        part:  #Albania__Republic_of_Albania  a republic in southeastern Europe on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula
           part:  #Tirana__Albanian_capital  the capital and largest city of Albania in the center of the country
           part:  #Durres__Durazzo  port city in western Albania on the Adriatic
           part:  #Epirus  an ancient area on the Ionian Sea that flourished as a kingdom in the 3rd century BC; located in northwest Greece and southern Albania
        part:  #Croatia__Republic_of_Croatia__Hrvatska  a republic in the western Balkans in south-central Europe in the eastern Adriatic coastal area; formerly part of the Hapsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; became independent in 1991
           part:  #Dubrovnik__Ragusa  a port city in southwestern Croatia on the Adriatic; a popular tourist center
           part:  #Split  an old Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea
           part:  #Zagreb  the capital of Croatia
        part:  #Macedon__Macedonia__Makedonija  the ancient kingdom of Philip II and Alexander the Great in the southeastern Balkans that is now divided among modern Macedonia and Greece and Bulgaria
           part:  #battle_of_Pydna__Pydna  a major victory by the Romans over the Macedonians in 168 BC; resulted in the downfall of the ancient Macedonian kingdom
        part:  #Thrace  a region and ancient country in the east of the Balkan Peninsula north of the Aegean Sea; colonized by ancient Greeks; later a Roman province; now divided between Greece and Turkey
           part:  #battle_of_Lule_Burgas__Lule_Burgas  the principal battle of the Balkan Wars (1912); Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks
        part:  #Macedonia  landlocked republic on the Balkan Peninsula; achieved independence from Yugoslavia in 1991
           part:  #battle_of_Philippi__Philippi  Octavian and Mark Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC
           part:  #Skopje__Skoplje__Uskub  capital of modern Macedonia
        part:  #Turkey__Republic_of_Turkey  a Eurasian republic in Asia Minor and the Balkans; achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1923
        part:  #Balkans__Balkan_Mountains__Balkan_Mountain_Range  the major mountain range of Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula
     part:  #Bulgaria__Republic_of_Bulgaria  a republic in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe
        part:  #Plevna__Pleven  the town was taken from the Turks by the Russians in 1877 after a siege of 143 days
        part:  #Sofia__Serdica__Bulgarian_capital  capital and largest city of Bulgaria located in western Bulgaria
        part:  #Plovdiv__Philippopolis  an ancient city in southern Bulgaria; commercial center of an agricultural region
        part:  #Danube_River__Danube  the 2nd longest European river; flows into the Black Sea
     part:  #Czech_Republic  a landlocked republic in central Europe; separated from Slovakia in 1993
        part:  #Prague__Praha__Prag__Czech_capital  capital and largest city of the Czech Republic
        part:  #Austerlitz  a town in the Czech Republic; site of the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805
        part:  #Bohemian  a native or inhabitant of Bohemia in the Czech Republic
     part:  #Czechoslovakia  a former republic in central Europe; divided into Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993
        part:  #Danube_River__Danube  the 2nd longest European river; flows into the Black Sea
     part:  #Slovakia__Slovak_Republic  a landlocked republic in central Europe; separated from the Czech Republic in 1993
        part:  #Bratislava__capital_of_Slovakia__Pressburg__Pozsony  capital and largest city of Slovakia
     part:  #northern_Europe  the northernmost countries of Europe
     part:  #Scandinavia  a group of culturally related countries in northern Europe; Finland and Iceland are sometimes considered Scandinavian
     part:  #Scandinavian_Peninsula__Scandinavia  the peninsula in northern Europe occupied by Norway and Sweden
     part:  #Germany__Federal_Republic_of_Germany__Deutschland__FRG  a republic in central Europe; split into East German and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990
        part:  #Blenheim  the British Duke of Marlborough and the Austrian Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the French in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession
        part:  #battle_of_Jena__Jena  the battle in 1806 in which Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians
        part:  #battle_of_Lutzen__Lutzen  a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1632); Swedes under King Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Imperialists under Wallenstein; Gustavus was killed
        part:  #battle_of_Minden__Minden  a battle in the Seven Years' War (1759) in which the English forces and their allies defeated the French
        part:  #battle_of_Rossbach__Rossbach  a battle in the Seven Years' War (1757); Prussian forces under Frederick the Great defeated the armies of France and Austria
        part:  #battle_of_Teutoburger_Wald__Teutoburger_Wald  a battle in 9 AD in which the Germans under Arminius annihilated three Roman legions
        part:  #Dachau  a concentration camp created by the Nazis near Munich in southern Germany
        part:  #Rhineland__Rheinland  a picturesque region of Germany around the Rhine river
        part:  #Lower_Saxony  a state in northwestern Germany
        part:  #Aachen__Aix-la-Chapelle  a city in western Germany near the Dutch and Belgian borders; formerly it was Charlemagne's northern capital
        part:  #Berlin__German_capital  capital of Germany located in eastern Germany
           part:  #West_Berlin  the part of Berlin under United States and British and French control until 1989
        part:  #Dresden  a city in southeastern Germany on the Elbe River; it was almost totally destroyed by British air raids in 1945
        part:  #Leipzig  a city in southeastern Germany famous for fairs; formerly a music and publishing center
        part:  #Solingen  a city in west central Germany noted for cutlery
        part:  #Weimar  a German city near Leipzig; scene of the adoption in 1919 of the constitution of the Weimar Republic that lasted until 1933
        part:  #Bavaria  a state in southwestern Germany famous for its beer; site of automobile factory
        part:  #Bonn  a city in western Germany on the Rhine River; was the capital of West Germany between 1949 and 1989
        part:  #Cologne__Koln  a commercial center and river port in western Germany on the Rhine River; flourished during the 15th century as a member of the Hanseatic League
        part:  #Braunschweig__Brunswick  a city in central Germany
        part:  #Dusseldorf  an industrial city in western Germany on the Rhine
        part:  #Essen  a city in western Germany; industrial center of the Ruhr
        part:  #Frankfurt_on_the_Main__Frankfurt__Frankfort  a German city; an industrial and commercial and financial center
        part:  #Halle-an-der-Saale__Halle  a city in the Saxony region of Germany on the Saale River; a member of the Hanseatic League during the 13th and 14th centuries
        part:  #Hamburg  a city in northern Germany on the Elbe River
        part:  #Hannover__Hanover  a port city in northwestern Germany
        part:  #Lubeck  a city in northwestern Germany and an important Baltic port; a leading member of the Hanseatic League
        part:  #Mannheim  a city in southwestern Germany at the confluence of the Rhine and Neckar rivers
        part:  #Munich__Muenchen  the capital and largest city of Bavaria in southeastern Germany
        part:  #Nuremberg__Nurnberg  a city in southeastern Germany; site of Allied trials of Nazi war criminals (1945-46)
        part:  #Rostock  a city in northeastern Germany near the Baltic sea; an important member of the Hanseatic League in the 14th century
        part:  #Stuttgart  a city in southwestern Germany famous for innovative architecture
        part:  #Wurzburg__Wuerzburg  a city of south central Germany
        part:  #Palatinate__Pfalz  a territory in southwestern Germany formerly ruled by the counts palatine
        part:  #Prussia__Preussen  a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland; "in the 19th century Prussia led the economic and political unification of the German states"
           part:  #Brandenburg  the territory of an Elector of the Holy Roman Empire that expanded to become the kingdom of Prussia in 1701
        part:  #Ruhr_Valley__Ruhr  a major industrial and coal mining region in the valley of the Ruhr river in northwestern Germany
        part:  #Thuringia  a historical region of southern Germany
        part:  #Danube_River__Danube  the 2nd longest European river; flows into the Black Sea
        part:  #Neckar_River__Neckar  a river in Germany; rises in the Black Forest and flows north into the Rhine
        part:  #Oder_River__Oder  a European river; flows into the Baltic Sea
        part:  #Rhine_River__Rhine__Rhein  a major European river carrying more traffic than any other river in the world; flows into the North Sea
        part:  #Ruhr_River__Ruhr  a tributary of the Rhine
        part:  #Saale_River__Saale  a river that rises in central Germany and flows north to join the Elbe River
        part:  pm#Darmstadt
     part:  #Finland__Republic_of_Finland__Suomi  republic in northern Europe; achieved independence from Russia in 1917
        part:  #Karelia  a region in Finland and Russia between the Gulf of Finland and the White Sea
        part:  #Helsinki__Helsingfors__capital_of_Finland__Finnish_capital  the capital and largest city of Finland; located in southern Finland; a major port and commercial and cultural center
        part:  #Espoo  a city in southern Finland
        part:  #Tampere__Tammerfors  an industrial city in south central Finland
        part:  #Aland_islands__Aaland_islands__Ahvenanmaa  an archipelago of some 6,000 islands in the Gulf of Bothnia under Finnish control
        part:  #Mariehamn__Maarianhamina  a town that is the chief port of the Aland islands
     part:  #Greece__Hellenic_Republic__Ellas  town a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula; known for grapes and olives and olive oil
        part:  #Chaeronea  a battle in which Philip of Macedon defeated the Athenians and Thebans (338 BC) and also Sulla defeated Mithridates (86 BC)
        part:  #battle_of_Lepanto__Lepanto  Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope
        part:  #battle_of_Leuctra__Leuctra  Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC; the battle ended Sparta's military supremacy in Greece
        part:  #Mantinea__Mantineia  the site of three famous battles among Greek city-states: in 418 BC and 362 BC and 207 BC
        part:  #battle_of_Marathon__Marathon  a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians
        part:  #battle_of_Navarino__Navarino  a naval battle in the War of Greek Independence (1827); the Turkish and Egyptian fleet was defeated by the allied fleet
        part:  #battle_of_Pharsalus__Pharsalus  Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 BC
        part:  #battle_of_Thermopylae__Thermopylae  a famous battle in 480 BC; a Greek army under Leonidas was annihilated by the Persians who were trying to conquer Greece
        part:  #Aigina__Aegina  an island in the Aegean Sea in the Saronic Gulf
        part:  #Chios__Khios  an island in the Aegean Sea off the west coast of Turkey; belongs to Greece
        part:  #Cyclades__Kikladhes  a group of over 200 islands in the southern Aegean
        part:  #Dodecanese__Dhodhekanisos  a group of islands in the southeast Aegean Sea
           part:  #Rhodes__Rodhos  a Greek island in the southeast Aegean Sea 10 miles off the Turkish coast; the largest of the Dodecanese; it was colonized before 1000 BC by Dorians from Argos
        part:  #Lesbos__Lesvos__Mytilene  an island of eastern Greece in the eastern Aegean Sea; in antiquity it was famous for lyric poetry
        part:  #Rhodes__Rodhos  a Greek island in the southeast Aegean Sea 10 miles off the Turkish coast; the largest of the Dodecanese; it was colonized before 1000 BC by Dorians from Argos
        part:  #Crete__Kriti  the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean; site of the Minoan civilization that reached its peak in 1600 BC
        part:  #Ithaki__Ithaca  a Greek island west of Greece; in Homeric legend Odysseus was its king
        part:  #Mount_Athos__Athos  an autonomous area in northeastern Greece that is the site of several Greek Orthodox monasteries founded in the tenth century
        part:  #Athens__Athinai__capital_of_Greece__Greek_capital  the capital and largest city of Greece; named after Athena (its patron goddess); "in the 5th century BC ancient Athens was the world's most powerful and civilized city"
           part:  #Dipylon_gate__Dipylon  a gateway on the west of ancient Athens near which a distinctive style of pottery has been found
        part:  #Actium  an ancient town on a promontory in western Greece
        part:  #Attica  the territory of Athens in ancient Greece
        part:  #Corinth__Korinthos  the modern Greek port near the site of the ancient city that was second only to Athens
        part:  #Argos  an ancient city in southeastern Greece; dominated the Peloponnese in the 7th century BC
        part:  #Delphi  an ancient Greek city on the slopes of Mount Parnassus; site of the Temple of Apollo
           part:  #Temple_of_Apollo__Oracle_of_Apollo__Delphic_oracle__oracle_of_Delphi  (Greek mythology) the oracle at Delphi where a priestess supposedly delivered messages from Apollo to those who sought advice; the messages were usually obscure or ambiguous
        part:  #Mycenae  an ancient city is southern Greece; center of the Mycenaean civilization
        part:  #Epirus  an ancient area on the Ionian Sea that flourished as a kingdom in the 3rd century BC; located in northwest Greece and southern Albania
        part:  #Laconia  an ancient region of southern Greece in the southeastern Peloponnesus; dominated by Sparta
        part:  #Boeotia  a district of ancient Greece northwest of Athens
           part:  #Thebes  an ancient Greek city in Boeotia destroyed by Alexander the Great in 336 BC
        part:  #Thessaloniki__Salonika__Salonica__Thessalonica  a port city in northeastern Greece on an inlet of the Aegean Sea; second largest city of Greece
        part:  #Thessalia__Thessaly  a fertile plain on the Aegean Sea in east central Greece; Thessaly was a former region of ancient Greece
        part:  #Arcadia  a department of Greece in the central Peloponnese
        part:  #Peloponnese__Peloponnesus__Peloponnesian_Peninsula  the southern peninsula of Greece; dominated by Sparta until the 4th century BC
           part:  #Sparta  an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; the dominant city of the Peloponnesus prior to the 4th century BC
           part:  #Olympia  a plain in Greece in the northwestern Peloponnese; site of the original Olympian Games
        part:  #Lemnos__Limnos  a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea; famous for a reddish-brown clay that has medicinal properties
        part:  #Mount_Olympus__Olympus__Mt._Olympus__Olimbos  a mountain in northeast Greece near the Aegean coast; believed by ancient Greeks to be the dwelling place of the gods (9,570 feet high)
        part:  #Mount_Parnassus__Parnassus__Liakoura  a mountain in central Greece where (according to Greek mythology) the Muses lived; known as the mythological home of music and poetry; "Liakoura is the modern name of Mount Parnassus"
        part:  #Saronic_Gulf__Gulf_of_Aegina  a gulf of the Aegean on the southeastern coast of Greece
     part:  #Roman_Empire  an empire including the lands in Europe and Africa and Asia that were ruled by ancient Rome
     part:  #Italy__Italian_Republic__Italia  a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD
        part:  #Cannae  ancient city is southeastern Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans in 216 BC
        part:  #battle_of_Caporetto__Caporetto  battle of World War I (1917); Italians were defeated by the Austrian and German forces
        part:  #Battle_of_Lake_Trasimenus__Lake_Trasimenus  a battle in 217 BC in which Hannibal ambushed a Roman army led by Flaminius
        part:  #battle_of_Magenta__Magenta  a battle in 1859 in which the French and Sardinian forces under Napoleon III defeated the Austrians under Francis Joseph I
        part:  #Marengo  a battle in 1800 in which the French under Napoleon Bonaparte won a great victory over the Austrians
        part:  #Metaurus_River  a battle during the second of the Punic Wars (207 BC); Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal was defeated by the Romans which ended Hannibal's hopes for success in Italy
        part:  #battle_of_Ravenna__Ravenna  a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512
        part:  #Salerno  a battle in World War II; the port was captured by US troops in September 1943
        part:  #battle_of_Solferino__Solferino  an indecisive battle in 1859 between the French and Sardinians under Emperor Napoleon III and the Austrians under Emperor Francis Joseph I
        part:  #battle_of_Trasimeno__Trasimeno  a battle in central Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius in 217 BC
        part:  #Appian_Way  an ancient Roman road in Italy extending south from Rome to Brindisi; begun in 312 BC
        part:  #Flaminian_Way  an ancient Roman road in Italy built by Gaius Flaminius in 220 BC; extends north from Rome to Cisalpine Gaul
        part:  #Italian_Peninsula  a boot-shaped peninsula in southern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea
           part:  #San_Marino__Republic_of_San_Marino  the smallest republic in the world; the oldest independent country in Europe (achieved independence in 301); located in the Apennines and completely surrounded by Italy
              part:  #San_Marino.capital__sanmarino__capital_of_San_Marino  the capital and only city of San Marino
        part:  #Pompeii  ancient city southeast of Naples that was buried by a volcanic eruption from Vesuvius
        part:  #Herculaneum  ancient city; now destroyed
        part:  #Abruzzi_e_Molise__Abruzzi  a mountainous region of central Italy on the Adriatic
           part:  #Aquila_degli_Abruzzi__Aquila__L'Aquila  the provincial capital of the Abruzzi region in central Italy
        part:  #Basilicata__Lucania  a region of southern Italy (forming the instep of the Italian `boot')
        part:  #Calabria  a region of southern Italy (forming the toe of the Italian `boot')
        part:  #Campania  a region of southwestern Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea including the islands of Capri and Ischia
           part:  #Naples__Napoli  a port and tourist center in southwestern Italy; capital of the Campania region
           part:  #Capri  an island (part of Campania) in the Bay of Naples in southern Italy; a tourist attraction noted for beautiful scenery
           part:  #Ischia  a volcanic island (part of Campania) in the Tyrrhenian Sea at the north end of the Bay of Naples
        part:  #Emilia-Romagna  a region of north central Italy on the Adriatic
           part:  #Bologna  the capital of Emilia-Romagna; located in northern Italy east of the Apennines
        part:  #Friuli-Venezia_Giulia  a region in northeastern Italy
        part:  #Latium__Lazio  an ancient region of west central Italy (southeast of Rome) on the Tyrrhenian Sea
        part:  #Roma__Rome__Eternal_City__Italian_capital__capital_of_Italy  capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire
           part:  #Colosseum  amphitheater in Rome built about AD 75 or 80
           part:  #Palatine  the most important of the Seven Hills of ancient Rome; supposedly the location of the first settlement and the site of many imperial palaces
           part:  #Holy_See__The_Holy_See__State_of_the_Vatican_City  the smallest sovereign state in the world; the see of the Pope (as the Bishop of Rome); home of the Pope and the central administration of the Roman Catholic Church; achieved independence from Italy in 1929
              part:  #Vatican_City__Citta_del_Vaticano  the capital of the State of the Vatican City
                 part:  #Vatican_Palace__Vatican  the residence of the Catholic Pope in the Vatican City
        part:  #Brindisi  a port city in southeastern Apulia in Italy; a center for the Crusades in the Middle Ages
        part:  #Tivoli__Tibur  a town twenty miles east of Rome (Tibur is the ancient name); a summer resort during the Roman empire; noted for its waterfalls
        part:  #Liguria  region of northwestern Italy on the Ligurian Sea
           part:  #Genoa__Genova  a seaport in northwestern Italy; provincial capital of Liguria
           part:  #La_Spezia  a port city in Liguria on an arm of the Ligurian Sea; a major seaport and year-round resort
        part:  #Lombardy__Lombardia  a region of north central Italy bordering Switzerland
           part:  #Cremona  a city in Lombardy on the Po River; noted for the manufacture of fine violins in the 16th-18th centuries
           part:  #Milan__Milano  the capital of Lombardy in northern Italy; has been an international center of trade and industry since the Middle Ages
        part:  #Marche__Marches  a region in central Italy
        part:  #Molise  a region of south central Italy
        part:  #Piemonte__Piedmont  the region of northwestern Italy; includes the Po valley
           part:  #Turin__Torino  capital city of the Piemonte region of northwestern Italy
        part:  #Puglia__Apulia  a region in southeastern Italy on the Adriatic
           part:  #Bari  capital city of the Apulia region on the Adriatic coast
        part:  #Sardegna__Sardinia  the Italian region on the island of Sardinia; the kingdom of Sardinia was the nucleus for uniting Italy during the 19th century
        part:  #Sicily__Sicilia  the Italian region on the island of Sicily
           part:  #Egadi_Islands__Aegadean_Isles__Aegadean_Islands__Isole_Egadi__Aegates  a group of islands off the west coast of Sicily in the Mediterranean
           part:  #Messina  a port city in northeastern Sicily on the Strait of Messina
           part:  #Siracusa__Syracuse  a city in southeastern Sicily that was founded by Corinthians in the 8th century BC
           part:  #Palermo  the capital of Sicily; located in northwestern Sicily; an important port for 3000 years
           part:  #Agrigento__Acragas__Girgenti  a town in Italy in southwestern Sicily near the coast; the site of six Greek temples
           part:  #Mount_Etna__Etna__Mt_Etna  an inactive volcano in Sicily; last erupted in 1961; the highest volcano in Europe (10,500 feet)
        part:  #Tuscany__Toscana  a region in central Italy
           part:  #Pisa  a city in Tuscany; site of the famous Leaning Tower
           part:  #Firenze__Florence  a city in central Italy on the Arno River; provincial capital of Tuscany; center of the Italian renaissance from 14th to 16th centuries
        part:  #Trentino-Alto_Adige  a region of northeastern Italy
        part:  #Umbria  a mountainous region in central Italy
        part:  #Valle_D'Aosta  a region in northwestern Italy
        part:  #Veneto__Venezia-Euganea__Venetia  a region of northeastern Italy on the Adriatic
           part:  #Padua__Padova__Patavium  a city in Veneto
           part:  #Venice__Venezia  the provincial capital of Veneto; built on 118 islands within a lagoon in the Gulf of Venice which is an arm of the Adriatic; has canals instead of streets; one of Italy's major ports and a famous tourist attraction
           part:  #Verona  a city in Veneto on the River Adige
        part:  #Etruria  an ancient country in central Italy; assimilated by the Romans by about 200 BC
        part:  #Riviera  a coastal area between La Spezia in Italy and Cannes in France; "the Riviera contains some of Europe's most popular resorts"
           part:  #French_Riviera__Cote_d'Azur  the French part of the Riviera
        part:  #Mount_Vesuvius__Vesuvius__Mt._Vesuvius  a volcano in southwestern Italy on the Mediterranean coast; erupted in 79 AD and buried Pompeii; last erupted in 1944
        part:  #River_Adige__Adige  a river in northern Italy that flows southeast into the Adriatic Sea; "Verona is on the Adige"
        part:  #the_Alps__Alps  a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction
           part:  #Dolomite_Alps  an eastern range of the Alps in northeastern Italy famous for their dolomitic limestone
           part:  #Matterhorn  a mountain in the Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy (14,780 feet high); noted for its distinctive shape
           part:  #Mont_Blanc__Monte_Bianco  the highest mountain peak in the Alps; on the border between France and Italy south of Geneva (15,781 feet high)
           part:  #Weisshorn  a mountain in the Alps in Switzerland (14,804 feet high)
        part:  #Apennines  a mountain range extending the length of the Italian peninsula
           part:  #Caudine_Forks  a battle in the Apennines in 321 BC in which the Samnites defeated the Romans
        part:  #River_Arno__Arno  a river in central Italy rising in the Apennines and flowing through Florence and Pisa to the Ligurian Sea
        part:  #Dolomite_Alps  an eastern range of the Alps in northeastern Italy famous for their dolomitic limestone
        part:  #Matterhorn  a mountain in the Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy (14,780 feet high); noted for its distinctive shape
        part:  #Mont_Blanc__Monte_Bianco  the highest mountain peak in the Alps; on the border between France and Italy south of Geneva (15,781 feet high)
        part:  #Po_River__Po  a European river; flows into the Adriatic Sea
     part:  #Romania__Roumania__Rumania  a Balkan republic in southeastern Europe
        part:  #Bucharest__Bucharesti__Bucuresti__capital_of_Romania  capital and largest city of Romania in southeastern Romania
        part:  #Danube_River__Danube  the 2nd longest European river; flows into the Black Sea
     part:  #Austria-Hungary  a geographical area in central and eastern Europe; broken into separate countries at the end of World War I
     part:  #Austria__Republic_of_Austria__Oesterreich  a mountainous republic in central Europe; under the Hapsburgs (1278-1918) Austria maintained control of the Holy Roman Empire and was a leader in European politics until the 19th century
        part:  #Tyrol__Tirol  a picturesque mountainous province of western Austria
        part:  #Vienna__Austrian_capital__capital_of_Austria  the capital and largest city of Austria; located on the Danube in northeastern Austria; was the home of Beethoven and Brahms and Haydn and Mozart and Schubert and Strauss
        part:  #Graz  an industrial city is southeastern Austria
        part:  #Linz__Lentia  city in northern Austria on the Danube; noted as a cultural center
        part:  #Salzburg  city in western Austria; a music center and birthplace of Mozart
        part:  #Innsbruck  city in southwestern Austria; known as a summer and winter resort
        part:  #the_Alps__Alps  a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction
        part:  #Danube_River__Danube  the 2nd longest European river; flows into the Black Sea
     part:  #Flanders  a medieval country in northern Europe that included regions now parts of northern France and Belgium and southwestern Netherlands
     part:  #Belgium__Kingdom_of_Belgium__Belgique  a monarchy in northwestern Europe; headquarters for the European Common Market and for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
        part:  #Bouvines  in 1214 the French under King Philip Augustus defeated a coalition formed against him in one of the greatest battles of the middle ages
        part:  #battle_of_Fontenoy__Fontenoy  a battle in 1745 in which the French army under Marshal Saxe defeated the English army and their allies under the duke of Cumberland
        part:  #battle_of_Waterloo__Waterloo  the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat; Prussian and British forces under Blucher and the Duke of Wellington routed the French forces under Napoleon
        part:  #first_battle_of_Ypres__Ypres__battle_of_Ypres  battle in World War I (1914); heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others
        part:  #second_battle_of_Ypres__Ypres__battle_of_Ypres  battle in World War I (1915); Germans wanted to try chlorine (a toxic yellow gas) as a weapon and succeeded in taking considerable territory from the Allied salient
        part:  #third_battle_of_Ypres__Ypres__battle_of_Ypres  battle in World War I (1917); an Allied offensive which eventually failed because tanks bogged down in the waterlogged soil of Flanders; Germans introduced mustard gas which interfered with the Allied artillery
        part:  #Bruxelles__Brussels__Belgian_capital__capital_of_Belgium  the capital and largest city of Belgium; seat of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
        part:  #Antwerpen__Antwerp__Anvers  a port in northern Belgium on the Scheldt river
        part:  #Bruges__City_of_Bridges  a city in northwestern Belgium in West Flanders province; connected by canal to the North Sea; the old city is a popular tourist attraction
        part:  #Charleroi  city in southwestern Belgium; center of an industrial region
        part:  #Gent__Gand__Ghent  port city in northwestern Belgium and industrial center; famous for cloth industry
        part:  #Liege__Luik  city in eastern Belgium; largest French-speaking city in Belgium
        part:  #Namur  a city in south central Belgium situated on a promontory between the Meuse River and the Sambre River; the site of intense fighting in World War I and World War II
        part:  #Meuse_River__Meuse  a European river; flows into the North Sea
        part:  #Sambre_River__Sambre  a river in western Europe that rises in northern France and flows generally east into Belgium where it joins the Neuse at Namur
        part:  #Scheldt_River__Scheldt__scheldt  a river that rises in France and flows northeast across Belgium and empties into the North Sea
     part:  #England  a division of the United Kingdom
        part:  #Cotswolds__Cotswold_Hills  a range of low hills in southwestern England
        part:  #Lancaster  a city in northwestern England
        part:  #Lake_District__Lakeland  a popular tourist area in northwestern England including England's largest lake and highest mountain
        part:  #London__Greater_London__British_capital__capital_of_the_United_Kingdom  the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center
           part:  #Big_Ben  clock in the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, London
           part:  #Old_Bailey  the Central Criminal Court in London
           part:  #Fleet_Street.street__fleetstreet  a street in central London where newspaper offices are situated
           part:  #Harley_Street  a street in central London where the consulting rooms of many physicians and surgeons are located
           part:  #Lombard_Street  a street in central London containing many of the major London banks
           part:  #Greenwich  a borough of Greater London on the Thames; zero degrees of longitude runs through Greenwich; time is measured relative to Greenwich Mean Time
           part:  #Bloomsbury  a city district of central London laid out in garden squares
           part:  #Soho  a city district of central London now noted for restaurants and nightclubs
           part:  #Wembley  a southeastern part of Greater London that is the site of the English national soccer stadium
           part:  #West_End  the part of west central London containing the main entertainment and shopping areas
              part:  #Strand  a street in west central London famous for its theaters and hotels
           part:  #Westminster__City_of_Westminster  a borough of Greater London on the Thames; contains Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament and Westminster Abbey
              part:  #Buckingham_Palace  the London residence of the British sovereign
              part:  #Downing_Street.street__downingstreet  a street of Westminster in London; "the Prime Minister lives at No. 10 Downing Street"
              part:  #Houses_of_Parliament  the building in which the House of Commons and the House of Lords meet
              part:  #Westminster_Abbey  a famous Gothic church in London on the site of a former Benedictine monastery; "Westminster Abbey is the scene of the coronations of almost all English monarchs"; "Distinguished English subjects are buried in Westminster Abbey"
           part:  #Pall_Mall  a fashionable street in London noted for its many private clubs
           part:  #Wimbledon  a suburb of London and the headquarters of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club where annual international tennis championships are played on grass courts
        part:  #Manchester  a city in northwestern England (30 miles east of Liverpool); heart of the most densely populated area of England
        part:  #Hull__Kingston-upon_Hull  a large fishing port in northeastern England
           part:  #Humber_Bridge  a suspension bridge at Hull England; 4,626 feet long
        part:  #Liverpool  a large city in northwestern England; its port is the country's major outlet for industrial exports
        part:  #Birmingham  a city in central England; 2nd largest English city and an important industrial and transportation center
        part:  #Oxford.England__oxford  a city in southern England northwest of London; site of Oxford University
           part:  #Oxford_University__Oxford  a university in England
        part:  #Cambridge  a city in eastern England on the River Cam; site of Cambridge University
           part:  #Cambridge_University__Cambridge  a university in England
        part:  #Blackpool  a resort town in Lancashire in northwestern England on the Irish Sea; famous for its tower
        part:  #Brighton  a city in East Sussex in southern England that is a popular resort; site of the University of Sussex
        part:  #Bristol  an industrial city and port in southwestern England near the mouth of the River Avon
        part:  #Leicester  an industrial city on the River Soar in Leicestershire in central England; built on the site of a Roman settlement
        part:  #Newcastle-upon-Tyne__Newcastle  a port in northeastern England on the River Tyne; a center for coal exports (giving rise to the expression "carry coals to Newcastle" meaning to do something unnecessary)
        part:  #Pompey__Portsmouth  a port city in southern England on the English Channel; Britain's major naval base
        part:  #Coventry  an industrial city in central England; devastated by air raids during World War II; remembered as the home of Lady Godiva in the 11th century
        part:  #Gloucester.England__gloucester  a city in southwestern England in Gloucestershire on the Severn
        part:  #Reading  a city on the River Thames in Berkshire in southern England
        part:  #Worcester.England__worcester  a cathedral city in west central England on the River Severn
        part:  #Avon  a county in southwestern England
        part:  #Berkshire  a county in southern England
           part:  #Eton_College  a public school for boys founded in 1440; located in Berkshire
           part:  #Reading  a city on the River Thames in Berkshire in southern England
        part:  #Cornwall  a hilly county in southwestern England
        part:  #Devonshire__Devon  a county in southwestern England
        part:  #Gloucestershire__gloucestershire  a county in southwestern England in the lower Severn valley
        part:  #Hampshire  a county of southern England on the English Channel
           part:  #Winchester.England__winchester  a city in southern England; administrative center of Hampshire
              part:  #Winchester_College  the oldest English public school; located in Winchester
        part:  #Kent  a county in southeastern England; the first to be colonized by the Romans
           part:  #Canterbury  a town in Kent in southeastern England; site of the cathedral where Thomas a Becket was martyred in 1170; seat of the archbishop and primate of the Anglican Church
        part:  #Somerset  a county in southwestern England on the Bristol Channel
        part:  #East_Sussex  a county in southern England on the English Channel
           part:  #Hastings  a town in East Sussex just south of the place where the Battle of Hastings took place
        part:  #West_Sussex  a county in southern England on the English Channel
        part:  #Leicestershire__Leicester  a largely agricultural county in central England
           part:  #Bosworth_Field  the battle that ended the Wars of the Roses (1485); Richard III was killed and Henry Tudor was crowned as Henry VII
           part:  #Leicester  an industrial city on the River Soar in Leicestershire in central England; built on the site of a Roman settlement
        part:  #Lincolnshire  an agricultural county of eastern England on the North Sea
        part:  #Northumberland  the northernmost county of England; has many Roman remains (including Hadrian's Wall)
        part:  #East_Anglia  a region of eastern England that was formerly a kingdom
        part:  #Lancashire  a historical area of northwestern England on the Irish Sea; noted for textiles
        part:  #Yorkshire  a former large county in northern England; in 1974 it was divided into three smaller counties
        part:  #North_Yorkshire  a county in northern England
        part:  #West_Yorkshire  a metropolitan county in northern England
           part:  #Leeds  a city on the River Aire in West Yorkshire in northern England; a center of the clothing industry
        part:  #South_Yorkshire  a metropolitan county in northern England
           part:  #Sheffield  a steel manufacturing city in northern England famous for its cutlery industry
        part:  #Northumbria  an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in northern England until 876
        part:  #West_Country  the southwest of England (including Cornwall and Devon and Somerset)
        part:  #Sussex  a former Anglo-Saxon kingdom in southern England on the English Channel; was captured by Wessex in the 9th century
        part:  #Wessex  a Saxon kingdom in southwestern England that became the most powerful English kingdom by the 10th century
        part:  #Hadrian's_Wall  an ancient Roman wall built by the Emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century; marked the northern boundary of the Roman Empire in Britain
        part:  #River_Aire__Aire  a river in northern England that flows southeast through West Yorkshire
        part:  #Upper_Avon__Avon  a river in central England that flows through Stratford-on-Avon and empties into the Severn
        part:  #Avon.river__avon  a river in southwestern England rising in Gloucestershire and flowing through Bristol to empty into the estuary of the Severn
        part:  #River_Severn__Severn__Severn_River  a river in England and Wales flowing into the Bristol Channel; the longest river in Great Britain
        part:  #River_Tyne__Tyne  a river in northern England that flows east to the North Sea
     part:  #Northern_Ireland  a division of the United Kingdom located on the northern part of the island of Ireland
        part:  #Bangor.Northern_Ireland  a town in southeastern Northern Ireland
        part:  #Belfast__capital_of_Northern_Ireland  capital and largest city of Northern Ireland; the center of Irish Protestantism
     part:  #Eire__Ireland__Irish_Free_State__Republic_of_Ireland  a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921
        part:  #Cork  a port city in southern Ireland
        part:  #Galway  a port city in western Ireland on Galway Bay
        part:  #Dublin__Irish_capital__capital_of_Ireland  capital and largest city and major port of the Republic of Ireland
        part:  #Limerick  port city in southwestern Ireland
        part:  #Tara  a village in eastern Ireland (northwest of Dublin); seat of Irish kings until 6th century
        part:  #Waterford  a port city in southern Ireland; famous for glass industry
     part:  #Scotland  one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts
        part:  #Bannockburn  a battle in which the Scots under Robert the Bruce defeated the English and assured the independence of Scotland
        part:  #battle_of_Brunanburh__Brunanburh  battle in 937 when Athelstan defeated the Scots; recounted in the Ballad of the Battle of Brunanburh in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
        part:  #battle_of_Langside__Langside  (1568) Catholic forces supporting Mary Queen of Scots were routed by Protestants under her half-brother Lord James Stuart, Earl of Murray
        part:  #Highlands  the Highlands are a mountainous region of northern Scotland famous for its rugged beauty; known for the style of dress (the kilt and tartan) and the clan system (now in disuse)
        part:  #Galloway.district__galloway  a district in southwestern Scotland
        part:  #Aberdeen.Scotland__aberdeen  a city in northeastern Scotland on the North Sea
        part:  #Lothian_Region  a district in southeast central Scotland (south side of the Firth of Forth) and the location of Edinburgh
           part:  #Edinburgh  the capital of Scotland; located in the Lothian Region on the south side of the Firth of Forth
        part:  #Glasgow  largest city in Scotland; a port in west central Scotland; one of the great shipbuilding centers of the world
        part:  #Hebrides__Hebridean_Islands__Hebridean_Isles__Western_Islands__Western_Isles  a group of more than 500 islands off the western coast of Scotland
           part:  #Inner_Hebrides  islands between the Outer Hebrides and the western coast of Scotland
           part:  #Outer_Hebrides  a 130-mile long archipelago northwest of Scotland
        part:  #Orkney_Islands  an archipelago of about 70 islands in the North Atlantic and North Sea off the northeastern coast of Scotland
        part:  #Shetland_Islands__Shetland__Zetland  an archipelago of about 100 islands in the North Atlantic off the north coast of Scotland
        part:  #Firth_of_Forth  a large firth on the east coast of Scotland; location of Edinburgh
        part:  #Loch_Achray  a lake in central Scotland
        part:  #Loch_Ness  a lake in the Scottish highlands; the largest body of fresh water in Great Britain
           part:  #Loch_Ness_monster__Nessie  large aquatic animal supposed to resemble a serpent or plesiosaur of Loch Ness in Scotland
     part:  #France__French_Republic  a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe
        part:  #Dunkerque__Dunkirk  a city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire
        part:  #Paris__City_of_Light__French_capital__capital_of_France  the capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce
           part:  #Louvre_Museum__Louvre  an art museum that is a famous tourist attraction in Paris
           part:  #Tuileries_Gardens__Tuileries  formal gardens next to the Louvre in Paris
           part:  #Tuileries_Palace__Tuileries  palace and royal residence built for Catherine de Medicis in 1564 and burned down in 1871; all that remains today are the formal gardens
           part:  #Left_Bank__Latin_Quarter  the region of Paris on the southern bank of the Seine; a center of artistic and student life
              part:  #Quai_d'Orsay  the street in Paris along the south bank of the Seine known for its governmental ministries
           part:  #Montmartre  the highest point in Paris; famous for its associations with many artists
           part:  #Right_Bank  the region of Paris on the north bank of the Seine
           part:  #Ile-St-Louis  island in Paris on the Seine
           part:  #Champs_Elysees  a major avenue in Paris famous for elegant shops and cafes
           part:  #Orly  a suburb of Paris; site of the international airport serving Paris
        part:  #Bordeaux  a port city in southwestern France; a major center of the wine trade
        part:  #Brest  a port city in northwestern France (in Brittany); the chief naval station of France
        part:  #Cannes  a port and resort city on the French Riviera; site of an annual film festival
        part:  #Chablis  a town in north central France noted for white Burgundy wines
        part:  #Dijon  an industrial city in eastern France north of Lyons
        part:  #Grenoble  a city in southeastern FRance on the Isere River
        part:  #Le_Havre  a port city in northern France on the English Channel at the mouth of the Seine
        part:  #Lille  an industrial city in northern France near the Belgian border; was the medieval capital of Flanders
        part:  #Lyon__Lyons  a city in east-central France on the Rhone River; a principal producer of silk and rayon
        part:  #Marseille__Marseilles  a port city in southeastern France on the Mediterranean
        part:  #Nancy  a city in northeastern France in Lorraine
        part:  #Nantes  a port city in western France on the Loire estuary
        part:  #Nice  a city in southeastern France on the Mediterranean; the leading resort on the French Riviera
        part:  #Orleans  a city on the Loire river in north central France; site of the siege of Orleans by the English (1428-1429)
        part:  #Toulouse  a city on the Garonne River in southern France southeast of Bordeaux; a cultural center of medieval Europe
        part:  #Versailles  a city in north central France near Paris; site of the Palace of Versailles that was built by Louis XIV in the 17th century
        part:  #Vichy  a town in central France (south of Paris) noted for hot mineral springs; was capital of the unoccupied part of France during World War II
        part:  #Riviera  a coastal area between La Spezia in Italy and Cannes in France; "the Riviera contains some of Europe's most popular resorts"
        part:  #French_region  a geographical subdivision of France
        part:  #Alsace__Alsatia__Elsass  a region of northeastern France famous for its wines
        part:  #Anjou  a former province of western France in the Loire valley
        part:  #Aquitaine__Aquitania  a region of southwestern France between Bordeaux and the Pyrenees
        part:  #Artois  a former province of northern France near the English Channel (between Picardy and Flanders)
        part:  #Auvergne  a region in central France
        part:  #Bourgogne__Burgundy  a former province of eastern France that is famous for its wines
        part:  #Bretagne__Brittany__Breiz  a former province of northwestern France on a peninsula between the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay
        part:  #Centre  a low-lying region in central France
        part:  #Champagne-Ardenne__Champagne  a region of northeastern France
           part:  #Ardennes  a wooded plateau in the Champagne-Ardenne region of France; the site of intense fighting in World Wars I and II
              part:  #battle_of_the_Ardennes_Bulge__Battle_of_the_Bulge__Ardennes_counteroffensive  battle during World War II; in December 1945 von Rundstedt launched a powerful counteroffensive in the Ardennes Forest that caught the Allies by surprise
        part:  #Corse__Corsica  a region of France on the island of Corsica; birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte
        part:  #Franche-Comte  a former province of eastern France
        part:  #Gascogne__Gascony  a region of southwestern France
        part:  #Ile-de-France  a region of north central France in the Paris Basin
        part:  #Languedoc-Roussillon  a region in south central France; named after the medieval dialect of French that was spoken there
        part:  #Limousin  a region of central France west of the Auvergne mountains
        part:  #Lorraine__Lothringen  an eastern French region rich in iron-ore deposits
        part:  #Midi  the south of France
        part:  #Midi-Pyrenees  a region in southwestern FRance
        part:  #Nord-Pas-de-Calais  a region in northeastern France
        part:  #Pays_de_la_Loire  an agricultural region of western France on the Bay of Biscay
           part:  #Mayenne  a department of northwestern France in the Pays de la Loire region
        part:  #Picardie__Picardy  a region of northern France on the English Channel
        part:  #Poitou-Charentes__Poitou  a low-lying region of west central France on the Bay of Biscay
        part:  #Rhone-Alpes  a mountainous region of eastern France drained by the Rhone and Saone and Isere rivers
           part:  #Lyonnais  a former province of east central France; now administered by Rhone-Alpes
              part:  #Lyon__Lyons  a city in east-central France on the Rhone River; a principal producer of silk and rayon
        part:  #Normandie__Normandy  a former province of northwestern France on the English channel; divided into Haute-Normandie and Basse-Normandie
           part:  #Basse-Normandie__Lower-Normandy  a division of Normandy
           part:  #Haute-Normandie__Upper-Normandy  a division of Normandy
        part:  #Orleanais  a former province of north central France; centered around Orleans
        part:  #Provence  a former province of southeastern France; now administered with Cote d'Azur
        part:  #the_Alps__Alps  a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction
        part:  #Garonne_River__Garonne  a river that rises in the Pyrenees and flows northwest to the Bay of Biscay
        part:  #Isere_River__Isere  a river in southeastern France; a tributary of the Rhone
        part:  #Loire_River__Loire  a French river; flows into the North Atlantic
        part:  #Meuse_River__Meuse  a European river; flows into the North Sea
        part:  #Mont_Blanc__Monte_Bianco  the highest mountain peak in the Alps; on the border between France and Italy south of Geneva (15,781 feet high)
        part:  #Pyrenees  a chain of mountains between France and Spain
        part:  #Rhine_River__Rhine__Rhein  a major European river carrying more traffic than any other river in the world; flows into the North Sea
        part:  #Rhone_River__Rhone  a major French river; flows into the Mediterranean near Marseilles; "the Rhone valley is famous for its vineyards"
        part:  #Sambre_River__Sambre  a river in western Europe that rises in northern France and flows generally east into Belgium where it joins the Neuse at Namur
        part:  #Saone_River__Saone  a river in eastern France; rises in Lorraine and flows south to become the chief tributary of the Rhone
        part:  #Scheldt_River__Scheldt__scheldt  a river that rises in France and flows northeast across Belgium and empties into the North Sea
        part:  #Seine_River__Seine  a French river that flows through the heart of Paris and then northward into the English Channel
     part:  #Netherlands__The_Netherlands__Kingdom_of_The_Netherlands__Holland__holland  a constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea; achieved independence from Spain in 1579; half the country lies below sea level
        part:  #Amsterdam__Dutch_capital__capital_of_The_Netherlands  an industrial center and the nominal capital of the Netherlands; center of the diamond-cutting industry; seat of an important stock exchange; known for its canals and art museum
        part:  #The_Hague__'s_Gravenhage__Den_Haag  the site of the royal residence and the de facto capital in the western part of the Netherlands; seat of the International Court of Justice
        part:  #Eindhoven  city in southeastern Netherlands noted for electrical industry
        part:  #Nijmegen  an industrial city in the eastern Netherlands
        part:  #Rotterdam  the 2nd largest city in the Netherlands; located in the western Netherlands near the North Sea
        part:  #Leiden__Leyden  a city in the western Netherlands; residence of the Pilgrim Fathers for 11 years before they sailed for America in 1620
        part:  #Utrecht  a city in the central Netherlands
        part:  #Meuse_River__Meuse  a European river; flows into the North Sea
        part:  #Rhine_River__Rhine__Rhein  a major European river carrying more traffic than any other river in the world; flows into the North Sea
     part:  #Hungary__Republic_of_Hungary__Magyarorszag  a republic in central Europe
        part:  #Budapest__Hungarian_capital__capital_of_Hungary  capital and largest city of Hungary; located on the Danube River in north-central Hungary
        part:  #Lake_Balaton__Balaton__Plattensee  a large shallow lake in western Hungary
        part:  #Danube_River__Danube  the 2nd longest European river; flows into the Black Sea
     part:  #Republic_of_Iceland__Iceland  an island republic on the island of Iceland; became independent of Denmark in 1944
        part:  #Reykjavik__capital_of_Iceland  the capital and chief port of Iceland on the southwestern coast of Iceland; buildings are heated by natural hot water
     part:  #Lappland__Lapland  a region in northmost Europe inhabited by Lapps
     part:  #Liechtenstein__Principality_of_Liechtenstein  a small landlocked principality (constitutional monarchy) in central Europe located in the Alps between Austria and Switzerland
        part:  #Vaduz__capital_of_Liechtenstein  the capital and largest city of Liechtenstein
     part:  #Luxembourg__Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg__Luxemburg  a grand duchy (a constitutional monarchy) landlocked in northwestern Europe between France and Belgium and Germany; an international financial center
        part:  #Luxembourg-Ville__Luxembourg__Luxemburg__Luxembourg_City__capital_of_Luxembourg  the capital and largest city of Luxembourg
     part:  #Monaco__Principality_of_Monaco  a constitutional monarchy in a tiny enclave on the French Riviera
        part:  #Monaco-Ville  the capital of Monaco
        part:  #Monte_Carlo  a town and popular resort in the principality of Monaco; world-famous for its gambling casino
     part:  #Poland__Republic_of_Poland__Polska  a republic in central Europe; the invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939 started World War II
        part:  #battle_of_Tannenberg__Tannenberg  a battle in World War I (1914); decisive German victory over the Russians
        part:  #Prussia__Preussen  a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland; "in the 19th century Prussia led the economic and political unification of the German states"
        part:  #Warsaw__capital_of_Poland  the capital and largest city of Poland; located in central Poland
        part:  #Cracow__Krakow__Krakau  an industrial city in southern Poland on the Vistula
        part:  #Gdansk__Danzig  a city of northern Poland near the mouth of the Vistula River on a gulf of the Baltic Sea; a member of the Hanseatic League in the 14th century
        part:  #Lodz  a large city of central Poland
        part:  #Lublin  an industrial city of eastern Poland
        part:  #Wroclaw__Breslau  a city in southwestern Poland on the Oder
        part:  #Oder_River__Oder  a European river; flows into the Baltic Sea
        part:  #Vistula_River__Vistula  a European river; flows into the Baltic Sea
     part:  #Iberian_Peninsula__Iberia  a peninsula in southwestern Europe
        part:  #Portugal__Portuguese_Republic  a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil)
           part:  #Azores__Acores  islands in the Atlantic Ocean belonging to Portugal; "the Azores are strategically located on transatlantic air and shipping routes"
           part:  #Madeira_Islands  a group of volcanic island in the Atlantic Ocean west of Morocco
           part:  #Braga  an ancient city in northern Portugal
           part:  #Lisbon__Lisboa__capital_of_Portugal  capital and largest city and economic and cultural center of Portugal; a major port in western Portugal on Tagus River where it broadens and empties into the Atlantic
              part:  #Ponte_25'_de_Abril  a suspension bridge across the Tagus River at Lisbon
           part:  #Porto__Oporto  port city in northwest Portugal; noted for port wine
           part:  #Setubal  a port town on the Atlantic coast of Portugal southeast of Lisbon
           part:  #Lusitania  ancient region and Roman province of the Iberian peninsula; corresponds roughly to modern Portugal and parts of Spain
           part:  #Tagus_River__Tagus  a European river; flows into the North Atlantic
        part:  #Andorra__Principality_of_Andorra  a small republic in the eastern Pyrenees between Spain and France
        part:  #Spain__Kingdom_of_Spain__Espana  a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power
           part:  #Andalusia__Andalucia  a region in southern Spain on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean; formerly a center of Moorish civilization
              part:  #Granada  a city in southeastern Spain; site of the Alhambra (a palace and fortress built by Moslems in the Middle Ages) which is now a major tourist attraction
                 part:  #Alhambra  a palace and fortress built in Granada by the Moslems in the Middle Ages
           part:  #Madrid__capital_of_Spain__Spanish_capital  the capital and largest city situated centrally in Spain; home of an outstanding art museum
           part:  #Balearic_Islands  an archipelago in the western Mediterranean off the eastern coast of Spain
              part:  #Majorca  the largest of the Balearic Islands
           part:  #Majorca  the largest of the Balearic Islands
           part:  #Canary_Islands__Canaries  a group of mountainous islands in the Atlantic off the northwest coast of Africa forming Spanish provinces
              part:  #Tenerife  a Spanish island in the Atlantic off the northwestern coast of Africa; the largest of the Canary Islands
           part:  #Barcelona  a city in northeastern Spain on the Mediterranean; 2nd largest Spanish city and the largest port and commercial center; has been a center for radical political beliefs
           part:  #Cadiz  an ancient port city in southwestern Spain
           part:  #Cartagena.port__cartagena  a port in southeastern Spain on the Mediterranean
           part:  #Cordova__Cordoba  a city in southern Spain; center of Moorish culture
           part:  #Jerez_de_la_Frontera__Jerez  a city in southwestern Spain that is famous for making sherry
           part:  #Leon.Spain__leon  a city in northwestern Spain at the foot of the Cantabrian Mountains
           part:  #Malaga  a port city and resort in Andalusia in southern Spain on the Mediterranean
           part:  #Oviedo  a city in northwestern Spain near the Cantabrian Mountains
           part:  #San_Sebastian  a city in northern Spain on the Bay of Biscay near the French border; a fashionable seaside resort
           part:  #Sevilla__Seville  a city in southwestern Spain; a major port and cultural center; the capital of bullfighting in Spain
           part:  #Toledo.Spain__toledo  a city in central Spain on the Tagus river; famous for steel and swords since the first century
           part:  #Aragon  a region of northeastern Spain; a former kingdom that united with Castile in 1479 to form Spain (after the marriage of Ferdinand V and Isabella I)
           part:  #Zaragoza__Saragossa  an ancient city in northeastern Spain; formerly the capital of Aragon
           part:  #Castile__Castilla  a region of central Spain; a former kingdom that comprised most of modern Spain and united with Aragon to form Spain in 1479
           part:  #Catalonia  a region of northeastern Spain
           part:  #Galicia  a region (and former kingdom) in northwestern Spain on the Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay
           part:  #Valencia.Spain__valencia  a city in eastern Spain on the Mediterranean; "Valencia is the third largest city in Spain"
           part:  #Lusitania  ancient region and Roman province of the Iberian peninsula; corresponds roughly to modern Portugal and parts of Spain
           part:  #Cantabrian_Mountains  a range of mountains in northern Spain along the coast of the Bay of Biscay
           part:  #Ebro_River__Ebro  a Spanish river; flows into the Mediterranean
           part:  #Pyrenees  a chain of mountains between France and Spain
           part:  #Sierra_Nevada  a mountain range in southern Spain along the Mediterranean coast east of Granada
           part:  #Tagus_River__Tagus  a European river; flows into the North Atlantic
     part:  #Belarus__Republic_of_Belarus__Byelarus__Byelorussia__Belorussia__White_Russia  a landlocked republic in eastern Europe; formerly a European Soviet
        part:  #Minsk__capital_of_Byelorussia  the capital of Belarus and of the Commonwealth of Independent States
        part:  #Dnieper_River__Dnieper  a river that rises in Russia near Smolensk and flowing south through Belarus and Ukraine to empty into the Black Sea
     part:  #Baltic_State__Baltic_Republic  European countries bordering the Baltic Sea
     part:  #Estonia__Republic_of_Estonia__Esthonia  a republic in northeastern Europe on the Baltic Sea
        part:  #Tallinn__capital_of_Estonia  port city that is the capital and largest city of Estonia
        part:  #Livonia  a region on the Baltic that is divided between northern Estonia and southern Latvia
     part:  #Latvia__Republic_of_Latvia  a republic in northeastern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea
        part:  #Livonia  a region on the Baltic that is divided between northern Estonia and southern Latvia
        part:  #Riga__capital_of_Latvia  port city that is the capital and largest city of Latvia
     part:  #Moldova__Republic_of_Moldava__Moldavia  a landlocked republic in eastern Europe; formerly a European Soviet but achieved independence in 1991
        part:  #Kishinev__Chisinau__capital_of_Moldova  the capital of Moldova
     part:  #Ukraine__Ukrayina  a republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European Soviet; the center of the original Russian state which came into existence in the ninth century
        part:  #Crimea  a Ukrainian peninsula between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov
           part:  #Crimean_War  a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England France Turkey Sardinia; 1853-1856
           part:  #Sebastopol__Sevastopol  a city in southern Ukraine on the Black Sea
           part:  #Yalta  a resort city in southern Ukraine on the Black Sea; scene of the Allied conference between Churchill and Stalin and Roosevelt in 1945
        part:  #Kiev__capital_of_the_Ukraine  capital and largest city of the Ukraine; a major manufacturing and transportation center
        part:  #Donetsk__Donetske__Stalino  an industrial city in the Donets Basin
        part:  #Donets_Basin__Donbass__Donbas  an industrial region in the Ukraine
        part:  #Chernobyl  a city in north central Ukraine; site of a major disaster at a nuclear power plant (16 April 1986)
        part:  #Kharkov__Kharkiv  a city in northeastern Ukraine; former capital of the Ukraine
        part:  #Odesa__Odessa  a port city of south central Ukraine on an arm of the Black Sea
        part:  #Danube_River__Danube  the 2nd longest European river; flows into the Black Sea
        part:  #Dnieper_River__Dnieper  a river that rises in Russia near Smolensk and flowing south through Belarus and Ukraine to empty into the Black Sea
     part:  #Gibraltar__Rock_of_Gibraltar__Calpe  place of a colony of the United Kingdom located on a limestone promontory at the southern tip of Spain; strategically important because it can control the entrance of ships into the Mediterranean; one of the Pillars of Hercules
     part:  #Switzerland__Swiss_Confederation__Suisse__Schweiz__Svizzera  a landlocked federal republic in central Europe
        part:  #battle_of_Sempatch__Sempatch  the Swiss Confederation escaped Hapsburg domination by their victory in 1386
        part:  #Ticino__Tessin  an Italian-speaking region of southern Switzerland
        part:  #Swiss_canton  one of the cantons of Switzerland
        part:  #Bern__Berne__capital_of_Switzerland  the capital of Switzerland; located in western Switzerland
        part:  #Basel__Basle__Bale  a city in northwestern Switzerland
        part:  #Geneva__Geneve__Genf  a city in southwestern Switzerland at the western end of Lake Geneva; the Palace of Nations originally housed the League of Nations and is now the European headquarters for the United Nations
        part:  #Lausanne  a city in western Switzerland; cultural and commercial center
        part:  #Zurich  the largest city in Switzerland; located in the northern part of the country; "Zurich is the center of the German-speaking part of Switzerland"
        part:  #Aare_River__Aare__Aar  a river in north central Switzerland that runs northeast into the Rhine
        part:  #the_Alps__Alps  a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction
        part:  #Matterhorn  a mountain in the Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy (14,780 feet high); noted for its distinctive shape
        part:  #Rhine_River__Rhine__Rhein  a major European river carrying more traffic than any other river in the world; flows into the North Sea
        part:  #Rhone_River__Rhone  a major French river; flows into the Mediterranean near Marseilles; "the Rhone valley is famous for its vineyards"
        part:  #Weisshorn  a mountain in the Alps in Switzerland (14,804 feet high)
     part:  #Ottoman_Empire__Turkish_Empire  an empire created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and that lasted until the end of World War I
     part:  #Low_Countries  the lowland region of western Europe on the North Sea: Belgium and Luxembourg and the Netherlands
     part:  #Silesia__Slask__Slezsko__Schlesien  a region of central Europe rich in deposits of coal and iron ore; annexed by Prussia in 1742 but now largely in Poland
     part:  #Elbe_River__Elbe  a river in central Europe that arises in northwestern Czechoslovakia and flows northward through Germany to empty into the North Sea

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